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aa Orgo > Watson Respiratory > Flashcards

Watson Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

speech
acid-base balance
raising the pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity
assisting in BP regulation

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2
Q

air enters the lungs through the hollow passages known collectively as the ___ tract

A

respiratory tract

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3
Q

the trachea contains __ shaped rings

A

C

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4
Q

the rings in the trachea are ___ cartilage

A

hyaline

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5
Q

goblet cells secrete __ into the respiratory tract

A

mucus

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6
Q

the framework of the larynx is formed by how many pieces of cartliage

A

9

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7
Q

the largest piece of cartilage in the larynx is the __ cartilage

A

thyroid cartilage

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8
Q

the kind of cells in the respiratory tract are ___ ___ __ epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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9
Q

the oropharynx changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to __ __ epithelium to help resist food abrasion

A

stratified squamous

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10
Q

A higher pitched sound is made when the true vocal cords are

A

adducted

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11
Q

as we move down the bronchial tree, there are ___ smooth muscle tissue

A

more

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12
Q

as we move down the bronchial tree, there are ___ goblet cells

A

less

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13
Q

as we move down the bronchial tree, there is ___ cartilage

A

less

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14
Q

as we move down the bronchial tree, theres a ___ in the height of epithelium

A

height

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15
Q

type __ alveolar cells secrete surfactant

A

type 2

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16
Q

type __ alveolar cells are squamous epithelium

A

type 1

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17
Q

type 1 makes up __ % of the cells in the alveoli

A

90

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18
Q

One of the factors that keeps the lungs from collapsing

A

intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

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19
Q

caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

A

surface tension

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20
Q

a detergent-like chemical secreted by bronchial smooth muscle

A

surfactant

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21
Q

The matching of ventilation to perfusion

A

V/Q ratio

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22
Q

the ___ ___ capacity is the volume of air normally left in the lungs after tidal expiration

A

functional residual

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23
Q

The ___ volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual

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24
Q

The inspiratory capacity is equal to the ___ reserve volume plus the __ volume

A

inspiratory reserve volume

tidal volume

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25
Q

The ___ capacity is the total amount of exchangeable air

A

vital capacity

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26
Q

What does not affect the efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange

A

the percent saturation of hemoglobin

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27
Q

Which of these effects how much gas dissolves in a liquid
partial pressure
solubility
surface tension

A

partial pressure

solubility

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28
Q

___ in arterial blood is normally almost totally saturated

A

hemoglobin

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29
Q

When the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood drops slightly, the percent saturation of Hb drops __ __

A

only slightly

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30
Q

Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide, temperature, and hydrogen ion s all ___ Hb’s affinity for oxygen

A

decrease

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31
Q

the main way CO2 is transported in the blood

A

bicarbonate

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32
Q

substance that decreases Hb’s affinity for oxygen

A

BPG

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33
Q

enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid

A

Carbonic anhydrase

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34
Q

the movement of anions into the RBC to balance the outward movement of bicarbonate

A

chloride shift

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35
Q

hemoglobin bound to CO2

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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36
Q

Hyperventilation causes a/an ___ in partial pressure of CO2, which causes a/an ___ in blood pH.

A

decrease

increase

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37
Q

Hypoventilation causes a/an ___ in partial pressure of CO2, which causes a/an ___ in blood pH

A

increase

decrease

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38
Q

the basic rhythm for breathing is maintained by the respiratory rhythm generator of the ___

A

VRG

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39
Q

The ___ ___ group triggers action potentials in the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves

A

ventral respiratory group

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40
Q

The __ ___ group stimulates inspiratory muscles with the ventral respiratory group

A

dorsal respiratory group

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41
Q

The respiratory groups in the ___ ___ ___ maintain eupnea

A

medullary reticular formation

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42
Q

___ has 3 subclasses: emphysema, small airway disease, and chronic bronchitis

A

COPD

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43
Q

Asthma is characterized by bronchoconstriction, airway ____, and excessive ___ ___

A

inflammation

mucus secretion

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44
Q

includes only structures that contain alveoli

A

Respiratory zone

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45
Q

movement of air in and out of lungs

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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46
Q

movement of gases between lungs and blood

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

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47
Q

movement of gases through blood

A

Gas transport

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48
Q

movement of gases between blood and tissues

A

Tissue gas exchange

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49
Q

Respiratory System fluid Synthesizes an enzyme involved in the production of the hormone

A

angiotensin-II

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50
Q

Nasopharynx; posterior to nasal cavity; lined with ___ ____ ____ epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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51
Q

Laryngopharynx – last segment; extends from __ bone to ___

A

hyoid bone to esophagus

52
Q

keeps food and liquids out of remaining respiratory tract; also houses vocal cords

A

Larynx

53
Q

In the Larynx two different types of epithelium are found

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium and Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

54
Q

Kind of epithelium that protects larynx from mechanical stress superior to vocal cords where both food and air pass through

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

55
Q

epithelium that is found inferior to vocal cords; cilia serve to propel mucus and debris up and out of larynx as one “clears their throat”

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

56
Q

extend from arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage; close off glottis during swallowing

A

Vestibular folds

57
Q

inferior to vestibular folds; also attached to both arytenoid cartilages and thyroid cartilage

A

True vocal cords

58
Q

elastic bands at core of vocal cords; give structure a whitish appearance; vibrate to produce sound when air passes over them

A

Vocal ligaments

59
Q

Sound ___ is determined by the force of the airstream; greater force of expiration = louder sound

A

Loudness

60
Q

Air movement over the vocal cords only produces a ___ sound; actual speech requires coordinated efforts of structures

A

a buzzing sound

61
Q

begins in inferior neck and extends to mediastinum

A

Trachea

62
Q

Hyaline cartilage rings cover anterior and lateral surfaces of trachea in a C shape, leaving ___ surface uncovered

A

Posterior

63
Q 
Posterior surface of trachea is 
covered with \_\_\_ connective 
tissue and smooth muscle; 
allow esophagus to expand 
during swallowing
A

Elastic

64
Q

last tracheal cartilage ring

A

Carina

65
Q

forms “hook” that curves down and back to form partial rings that surround the first branches of bronchial tree

A

Carina

66
Q

contains sensory receptors that trigger a violent cough reflex

A

Carina

67
Q

Mucosa of trachea (like the
inferior larynx that precedes it)
is lined with __ ___ ___ epithelium
and goblet cells

A

pseudostratified

ciliated squamous

68
Q

As airways divide and get smaller, histology changes significantly; primary bronchi are nearly identical to the trachea, but three changes are evident as bronchi become smaller

A
  • Cartilage changes from C-shaped to complete rings to progressively fewer irregular plates
  • Epithelium gradually changes from respiratory epithelium in larger bronchi to columnar cells in smaller bronchi
  • Amount of smooth muscle increases and hyaline cartilage decreases as bronchi get progressively smaller; tiny airways must be able to change diameter to control air flow in bronchioles and alveoli
69
Q

Bronchioles have __ ___ epithelium with few cilia, if any; enclosed
within thick ring of smooth muscle

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

70
Q

Bronchioles have no ___ cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

71
Q

Conducting zone of respiratory tract ends when inspired air reaches ___ bronchioles

A

Terminal

72
Q

Terminal bronchioles branch into two or more smaller ___ bronchioles surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle

A

Respiratory

73
Q

Respiratory zone begins with __ bronchioles

A

Respiratory bronchioles

74
Q

Each respiratory bronchiole branches into two or more

A

alveolar ducts

75
Q

Type II alveolar cells – small ___ cells

A

Cuboidal

76
Q

responsible for synthesis of surfactant

A

Type II

77
Q

describes relationship between pressure and volume; states that at constant temperature and number of gas molecules, pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related

A

Boyle’s law

78
Q

generated by pull of gravity on air around us

A

Atmospheric pressure

79
Q

air pressure within alveoli

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

80
Q

pressure within pleural cavity

A

Intrapleural pressure

81
Q

rises and falls with inspiration and expiration but will always equalize with atmospheric pressure at equilibrium

A

Intrapulmonary pressure

82
Q

never equalizes with atmospheric pressure but instead is about
4 mm Hg below intrapulmonary pressure

A

Intrapleural pressure

83
Q

What happens if intrapleural pressure increases to level at or above atmospheric pressure?

A

Intrapleural pressure no longer exerts suction effect that prevents lungs from collapsing; added pressure enhances lungs’ elastic recoil; lungs immediately collapse

84
Q

Three primary physical factors of respiratory tract and lungs that influence overall effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation

A

Airway resistance, Alveolar surface tension, Pulmonary compliance

85
Q

last physical factor that influences effectiveness of gas exchange; ability of lungs and chest wall to stretch

A

Pulmonary compliance

86
Q

Pulmonary compliance is determined by 3 things

A

Degree of alveolar surface tension, Distensibility of elastic tissue, Ability of the chest wall to move

87
Q

If compliance decreases the lungs are less able to expand and effectiveness of pulmonary ventilation ___

A

decreases

88
Q

instrument that produces a graph that records normal and forced inhalation and exhalation

A

spirometer

89
Q

volume inspired /expired; normal quiet ventilation

A

TV

90
Q

volume forcibly inspired after a normal TV inspiration

A

IRV

91
Q

volume forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration

A

ERV

92
Q

air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

A

RV

93
Q

Inspiratory capacity =

A

TV + IRV

94
Q

Functional residual volume =

A

ERV + RV

95
Q

Vital capacity =

A

TV + IRV + ERV

96
Q

Total lung capacity =

A

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

97
Q

During pulmonary __ ___, oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries, and carbon dioxide flows in opposite direction

A

gas exchange

98
Q

Two processes are involved in gas exchange:

A

Pulmonary gas exchange, Tissue gas exchange

99
Q

involves exchange of gases between alveoli and blood

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

100
Q

involves exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and body’s cells

A

Tissue gas exchange

101
Q

important factor that affects gas exchange; pressure that a gas exerts and its solubility in water are important for driving pulmonary and tissue gas exchange; described by two laws

A

gas behavior

102
Q

law – each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, called its partial pressure (Pgas); total pressure of a gas mixture is sum of partial pressures of all its component gases

A

DALTONS

103
Q

law – degree to which a gas dissolves in a liquid is proportional to both its partial pressure and its solubility in liquid

A

Henry’s

104
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange, or ____ respiration, is diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood; oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli into blood in pulmonary capillaries while carbon dioxide simultaneously diffuses in opposite direction

A

external respiration

105
Q

Three additional factors affect efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange

A

Surface area of respiratory membrane, Thickness of respiratory membrane, Ventilation-perfusion matching (coupling)

106
Q

the degree of match between amount of air reaching alveoli (ventilation) and amount of blood flow (perfusion) in pulmonary capillaries; two phenomena keep ventilation and perfusion closely matched or coupled

A

Ventilation-perfusion matching (coupling)

107
Q

Tissue gas exchange (___ respiration) is exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues; partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in systemic capillaries and tissues provide pressure gradients that drive diffusion of gases

A

Internal respiration

108
Q

Factors Affecting Efficiency of Tissue Gas Exchange

A

Surface area available for gas exchange, Distance over which diffusion must occur, Perfusion of tissue

109
Q

Hemoglobin binds and releases oxygen by two reactions:

A

loading and unloading

110
Q

BPG binds with Hb, __ its affinity for oxygen which increases unloading reaction of oxygen to tissues

A

Reducing

111
Q

Levels of __ also increase in response to epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, testosterone, and human growth hormone

A

BPG

112
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues back to lungs in blood three ways:

A

dissolved in plasma, bound to Hb, and as bicarbonate ions

113
Q

% of total CO2 is transported to lungs dissolved in blood plasma

A

7-10

114
Q

% of total CO2 is transported to lungs bound to Hb

A

20

115
Q

% of CO2 is transported in blood in form of bicarbonate ions

A

70

116
Q

CO2 quickly diffuses into erythrocytes where it encounters ___ ___ (CA), an enzyme

A

Carbonic anhydrase

117
Q

Most HCO3– diffuses into blood plasma while H+ binds to Hb, which acts as a buffer, resisting change in pH; would cause plasma to become more acidic

A

HCO3–

118
Q

HCO3– carries a negative charge; counteracted by

A

chloride shift

119
Q

to facilitate movement of CO2 into alveoli: ___ ___ is re-formed in erythrocyte from bicarbonate and hydrogen ions; it is then converted into water and CO2 by carbonic anhydrase

A

Carbonic acid

120
Q

neurons in __ influence respiratory rhythm but are not responsible for maintaining ___

A

pons, eupnea

121
Q

group of neurons that creates basic rhythm for breathing; found within a structure called the ventral respiratory column

A

RRG

122
Q

found in anterior and lateral portion of medulla, contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons

A

VRG

123
Q

found in posterior medulla; primarily involved in inspiration, sending impulses along same pathways as VRG

A

DRG

124
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors Detect wide variety of stimuli (PCO2 and H+) but are most sensitive to __ in arterial blood

A

PO2

125
Q

Restrictive lung diseases

A

Decrease pulmonary compliance and reduce effectiveness of inspiration by increasing alveolar surface tension and destroying elastic tissue of lungs
Inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity are decreased, making effective pulmonary ventilation difficult

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