HESI Respiratory

Question 1

____ respiration is the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body tissues.

Answer 1

External respiration

Question 2

____ ventilation is the process of breathing (inhaling and exhaling)

Answer 2

pulmonary ventilation

Question 3

____ ____, carried out by the cardiovascular system, is the process of distributing the oxygen throughout the body and collecting CO2 and returning it to the lungs

Answer 3

gas transport

Question 4

____ respiration is the process of gas exchange between the blood, the interstitial fluids, and the cells.

Answer 4

internal respiration

Question 5

Inside the cell, cellular respiration generates energy (ATP) using ____ and ____, and producing waste, CO2

Answer 5

O2 and glucose

Question 6

Air enters the nostrils, and passes into the ____ through passages called ____s

Answer 6

vestibule

meatuses

Question 7

The bony walls of the meatuses are called ____ and are formed by facial bones

Answer 7

concha

Question 8

1st region of the pharynx, the ____ receives incoming air from the 2 internal nares. The 2 auditory tubes that equalize air pressure in the middle ear also enter here. The pharyngeal tonsil lies at the back of this area

Answer 8

the nasopharynx

Question 9

2nd region of the pharynx, the ____ receives air from the nasopharynx and food from the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are here

Answer 9

the oropharynx

Question 10

3rd region of the pharynx, the ____ passes food to the esophagus and air to larynx

Answer 10

the laryngopharynx

Question 11

The ____ receives air from the laryngopharynx

Answer 11

the larynx

Question 12

the ____, the first piece of cartilage of the larynx, is a flexible flap that covers the glottis

Answer 12

the epiglottis

Question 13

the ____, is the upper region of the larynx

Answer 13

glottis

Question 14

The ____ cartilage protects the front of the larynx

Answer 14

thyroid cartilage

Question 15

The ____ is the inner layer of the trachea.

Answer 15

Mucosa

Question 16

The mucosa contains ____ cells and ____ ____ epithelium

Answer 16

goblet cells

pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium

Question 17

the ____ is a layer of areolar connective tissue the surrounds the mucosa

Answer 17

submucosa

Question 18

____ cartilage from 16 to 20 C-shaped rings that wrap around the submucosa

Answer 18

hyaline cartilage

Question 19

The ____ is the outermost layer of the trachea

Answer 19

adventitia

Question 20

the ____ ____ are 2 tubes that branch from the trachea to the lungs

Answer 20

primary bronchi

Question 21

inside the lungs, each primary bronchus divides repeatedly into branches of smaller diameters forming ____ ____ and ____

Answer 21

secondary bronchi

bronchioles

Question 22

____ ____ are the final branches to the “bronchial tree”

Answer 22

alveolar ducts

Question 23

The ____ ____ consists of the alveolar and capillary walls. Gas exchange occurs across this membrane

Answer 23

the respiratory membrane

Question 24

In the respiratory membrane, Type 1 cells are ____ ____ cells that make up most of the alveolar walls.

Answer 24

squamous epithelial cells

Question 25

In the respiratory membrane, Type 2 cells are ____ ____ cells

Answer 25

cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 26

Type 2 cells secrete ____ ____ which reduces the surface tension of the moisture that covers the alveolar walls

Answer 26

pulmonary surfactant

Question 27

A reduction in surface tension allows ____ to diffuse more easily into the moisture

Answer 27

oxygen

Question 28

Alveolar ____ cells wander around the alveolar wall, removing debris and microorganisms

Answer 28

Alveolar macrophage cells

Question 29

A dense network of ____s surrounds each alveolus

Answer 29

capillaries

Question 30

Lung ____ is a measure of the ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to expand

Answer 30

Lung compliance

Question 31

Lung capacity, ____ volume is the amount of air inspired during normal relaxed breathing

Answer 31

Tidal volume

Question 32

Lung capacity, ____ ____volume is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

Answer 32

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 33

Lung capacity, the ____ ____ volume is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

Answer 33

expiratory reserve volume

Question 34

Lung capacity, the ____ volume is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled

Answer 34

residual volume

Question 35

____ capacity is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling

Answer 35

vital capacity

Question 36

____ capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired

Answer 36

inspiratory capacity

Question 37

the ____ ____ capacity is the maximum volume that can fill the lungs

Answer 37

total lung capacity

Question 38

____ ____ capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration

Answer 38

functional residual capacity

Question 39

Small amounts of CO2 are transported by plasma and RBCs, but the majority is transported in the plasma as ____ ____

Answer 39

bicarbonate ions

Question 40

3 respiratory centers exist in the brains that control breathing

Answer 40

medullary inspiratory center pheumotaxic area apneustic area

Question 41

The ____ ____ center is located in the medulla oblongata

Answer 41

the medullary inspiratory center

Question 42

The medullary inspiratory center stimulates contraction of the ____ muscles

Answer 42

inspiratory muscles

Question 43

The pheumotaxic area is located in what part of the brain

Answer 43

pons

Question 44

The pheumotaxic area ____s the inspiratory muscles

Answer 44

inhibits

Question 45

The apneustic area is located in the

Answer 45

pons

Question 46

The apneustic area stimulate the ____ muscles

Answer 46

inspiratory

Question 47

1st way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ ____ monitor the chemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 47

Central chemoreceptors

Question 48

Central chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory center to increase the inspiratory rate if it detects a change in ____ in the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 48

change in pH

Question 49

2nd way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ ____, located in the wall of the aortic arch and and carotid arteries, they monitor blood chemistry. An increase in pH or pCO2, or decrease in pO2 causes receptors to stimulate respiratory centers

Answer 49

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 50

3rd way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ receptors in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles are activated when the lungs expand to their physical limit. The receptors signal the respiratory center to discontinue stimulation of the muscles, allowing expiration to being.

Answer 50

Stretch receptors

Question 51

The response elicited by the stretch receptors is called the ____ ____

Answer 51

inflation reflex