HESI Respiratory Flashcards
____ respiration is the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the body tissues.
External respiration
____ ventilation is the process of breathing (inhaling and exhaling)
pulmonary ventilation
____ ____, carried out by the cardiovascular system, is the process of distributing the oxygen throughout the body and collecting CO2 and returning it to the lungs
gas transport
____ respiration is the process of gas exchange between the blood, the interstitial fluids, and the cells.
internal respiration
Inside the cell, cellular respiration generates energy (ATP) using ____ and ____, and producing waste, CO2
O2 and glucose
Air enters the nostrils, and passes into the ____ through passages called ____s
vestibule
meatuses
The bony walls of the meatuses are called ____ and are formed by facial bones
concha
1st region of the pharynx, the ____ receives incoming air from the 2 internal nares. The 2 auditory tubes that equalize air pressure in the middle ear also enter here. The pharyngeal tonsil lies at the back of this area
the nasopharynx
2nd region of the pharynx, the ____ receives air from the nasopharynx and food from the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are here
the oropharynx
3rd region of the pharynx, the ____ passes food to the esophagus and air to larynx
the laryngopharynx
The ____ receives air from the laryngopharynx
the larynx
the ____, the first piece of cartilage of the larynx, is a flexible flap that covers the glottis
the epiglottis
the ____, is the upper region of the larynx
glottis
The ____ cartilage protects the front of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
The ____ is the inner layer of the trachea.
Mucosa
The mucosa contains ____ cells and ____ ____ epithelium
goblet cells
pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
the ____ is a layer of areolar connective tissue the surrounds the mucosa
submucosa
____ cartilage from 16 to 20 C-shaped rings that wrap around the submucosa
hyaline cartilage
The ____ is the outermost layer of the trachea
adventitia
the ____ ____ are 2 tubes that branch from the trachea to the lungs
primary bronchi
inside the lungs, each primary bronchus divides repeatedly into branches of smaller diameters forming ____ ____ and ____
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
____ ____ are the final branches to the “bronchial tree”
alveolar ducts
The ____ ____ consists of the alveolar and capillary walls. Gas exchange occurs across this membrane
the respiratory membrane
In the respiratory membrane, Type 1 cells are ____ ____ cells that make up most of the alveolar walls.
squamous epithelial cells
In the respiratory membrane, Type 2 cells are ____ ____ cells
cuboidal epithelial cells
Type 2 cells secrete ____ ____ which reduces the surface tension of the moisture that covers the alveolar walls
pulmonary surfactant
A reduction in surface tension allows ____ to diffuse more easily into the moisture
oxygen
Alveolar ____ cells wander around the alveolar wall, removing debris and microorganisms
Alveolar macrophage cells
A dense network of ____s surrounds each alveolus
capillaries
Lung ____ is a measure of the ability of the lungs and thoracic cavity to expand
Lung compliance
Lung capacity, ____ volume is the amount of air inspired during normal relaxed breathing
Tidal volume
Lung capacity, ____ ____volume is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
Lung capacity, the ____ ____ volume is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
Lung capacity, the ____ volume is the volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the expiratory reserve volume is exhaled
residual volume
____ capacity is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling
vital capacity
____ capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired
inspiratory capacity
the ____ ____ capacity is the maximum volume that can fill the lungs
total lung capacity
____ ____ capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
functional residual capacity
Small amounts of CO2 are transported by plasma and RBCs, but the majority is transported in the plasma as ____ ____
bicarbonate ions
3 respiratory centers exist in the brains that control breathing
medullary inspiratory center
pheumotaxic area
apneustic area
The ____ ____ center is located in the medulla oblongata
the medullary inspiratory center
The medullary inspiratory center stimulates contraction of the ____ muscles
inspiratory muscles
The pheumotaxic area is located in what part of the brain
pons
The pheumotaxic area ____s the inspiratory muscles
inhibits
The apneustic area is located in the
pons
The apneustic area stimulate the ____ muscles
inspiratory
1st way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ ____ monitor the chemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid
Central chemoreceptors
Central chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory center to increase the inspiratory rate if it detects a change in ____ in the cerebrospinal fluid
change in pH
2nd way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ ____, located in the wall of the aortic arch and and carotid arteries, they monitor blood chemistry. An increase in pH or pCO2, or decrease in pO2 causes receptors to stimulate respiratory centers
peripheral chemoreceptors
3rd way that respiratory centers receive stimuli: ____ receptors in the walls of bronchi and bronchioles are activated when the lungs expand to their physical limit. The receptors signal the respiratory center to discontinue stimulation of the muscles, allowing expiration to being.
Stretch receptors
The response elicited by the stretch receptors is called the ____ ____
inflation reflex
