TERMS Flashcards
abnormally low WBC
decreased numbers of neutrophils
HIV infection
Following therapy with glucocorticoids or cytotoxic drugs (CHEMO)
Acute viral infections
Congenital immunodeficiency
Leukopenia
reduced numbers of neutrophils
Counts <1000 are worrisome, <500 indicate serious infection
Reduced or ineffective production
Accelerated removal from circulation
Neutropenia
malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic stem cell characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow by neoplastic cells
Leukemia
characterized by a paucity (lack) of mature cells and an accumulation of leukocyte precursors (leukemic blasts)
Suppression of normal hematopoiesis
Abrupt stormy onset
Fatigue (anemia)*
Fever (infection - decreases functional WBCs)
Bleeding (thrombocytopenia)
Anemia
Acute leukemia
Primarily a disease of children and young adults
Peak age of incidence: 4 years*
3x as common in whites as in blacks; Hispanics have the highest incidence of any ethnic group
Hyperploidy (hyperdiploidy)
Translocations
Majority pre-B cell ALLs (85%)*
Hypercellular marrow, packed with lymphoblasts
t(12;21)**
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Primarily adults - median age 50 years
Constitutes only 20% of childhood leukemias
Karyotype - most predictive of outcome
assoc. with acquired genetic alterations
Radiation: in doses >100 rads linearrelationship
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
name this Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) type?
○ Delicate nuclear chromatin
○ Auer rods – (crystalized myeloperoxidase)
○ Peroxidase positive granules
Myeloblasts
name this Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) type?
○ Folded or lobulated nuclei
○ Nonspecific esterase staining
○ NO auer rods
Monoblasts
name this chronic lymphocytic disorders
most common leukemia of adults in the western world
> 50 years
small lymphocytic lymphoma
peripheral blood lymphocyte count exceeds 5,000 cells/µL
B-cell origin (CD19, CD20 & CD23)
Low level surface Ig (SIg)
genetic alterations in Trisomy 12 and Deletions of chromosomes 11q, 13q14 and 17p
Smudge cells
Hypogammaglobulinemia***
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Cell Lymphoma(CLL/SLL)
Leukemia differs from lymphoma in the degree of?
peripheral bloodlymphocytosis
name this chronic lymphocytic disorders
older males; M:F ratio 4:1
fine hair-like projections
tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
B-cell neoplasm* (CD19, CD20), CD11, CD103, surface IgH
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
lymphadenopathy
pancytopenia
indolent course
sensitive to chemo
long term remissions
Hairy Cell Leukemia
name this chronic leukemia?
The presence of mutated, constitutively activated tyrosine kinases or other acquired aberrations in signaling pathways
that lead to growth factor independence
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders
name this chronic leukemia?
primarily a disease of adults (25-60 years) - peak incidence in 30s & 40s
pluripotent stemcell
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)*
rearrangements of BCR-cABL*
Anemia and thrombocytosis
Leukocytosis - basophilia, eosinophilia
slow, insidious onset
extreme splenomegaly
two phases: accelerated and blast crisis
targeted therapy
drugs target BCR-cABL
allogenic bone marrow transplant
chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
name this chronic leukemia?
late middle age
Panmyelosis (all lines involved) with erythroid precursors dominant
Erythropoietin decreased
mutations in JAK2
involved in JAK/STAT pathway
Hypercellular marrow with some residual fat
symptoms: Increased viscosity of blood Vascular stasis Thrombotic tendency Hemorrhagic diathesis
tx:
phlebotomy
- Can enter a spent phase
- primary myelofibrosis and develop AML
Polycythemia Vera
name this chronic leukemia?
Uncommon in individuals younger than 60
Chronic progressive panmyelosis with:
Bone marrow fibrosis
Splenomegaly with extramedullary hematopoiesis
Leukoerythroblastic anemia
JAK2 mutations
lab findings:
Normochromic normocytic anemia*
Marked poikilocytosis - teardrop-shaped erythrocytes*
Nucleated RBCs, leukoerythroblastic anemia
basophilic stippling
PDGF and TGF-B
anemia and splenomegaly, secondary gout
difficult to treat
Primary Myelofibrosis
