CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NEOPLASIA HIGH YIELD Flashcards
what are the clinical features of tumors?
local and hormonal effects both benign and malignant
what are the local and hormonal effects?
location and impingement on adjacent structures
functional activity
bleeding and secondary infections
initiation of acute symptoms caused by either their rupture or infarction of tumor
how does cancer cachexia present itself?
appear before the tumor is clinically evident
reduced food intake alone is not enough to explain findings
pathophysiology is not understood
- TNF
- cytokines
- proteolysis inducing factor
what are the paraneoplastic syndromes?
cushing syndrome hypercalcemia acanthosis nigricans neuromyopathic paraneoplasias migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau's syndrome)
what are the hypercalcemias?
non-paraneoplastic
paraneoplastic
what are the neuromyopathic paraneoplasias?
peripheral neuropathies
cortical cerebellar degeneration
myasthenic syndrome (Eaton-lambert syndrome)
dermatomyositis
what are the considerations for cancer epidemiology?
incidence
geographic and environment factors
age
heredity
what are the acquired preneoplastic disorders?
persistent regenerative cell replication
hyperplastic and dysplastic proliferation
villous adenoma of colon
solar keratosis
what are the two types of tumors according to the old method of classification?
tumor specific antigens (TSA)
tumor associated antigens (TAA)
what is the modern classification for tumors?
products of mutated genes
over expressed cellular proteins
tumor antigens produced by oncogenic viruses
oncofetal antigens
altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins
cell type specific differentiation antigens
the anti tumor mechanism requires cell mediated immunity; what WBCs are involved?
cytotoxic t lymphocytes natural killer cells macrophages humoral mechanisms -complement system -induction of ADCC by NK cells
what are the tumor escape mechanisms used in immunosurveillance?
selective outgrowth of antigen negative variants
loss or reduced expression of HLA antigens
lack of co-stimulation
immunosuppression
apoptosis of cytotoxic T-cells
