GLOSSARY SECTION I PART B

Question 1

impaired outflow of venous blood-venous stasis (passive process)

caused by microscopic hemorrhaging-produces blue red color in effected area

Answer 1

congestion

Question 2

labile cells divide continuously, proliferate throughout life, continuous replacement

Answer 2

continuously

Question 3

control entry and progression thought the cell cycle

complex with and activate cyclin dependent kinases

function in DNA replication, depolymerization of nuclear lamina, formation of mitotic spindles

Answer 3

cyclins

Question 4

important for cell signaling (IL-1, TNF)

can change cytoskeleton, be acted on to recruit WBC, cause chemotaxis

Answer 4

cytokines

Question 5

due to albumin loss like renal disease

decreased albumin synthesis like liver disease

Answer 5

decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Question 6

Coombs test

detects presence of immunoglobulin and or complement cascade components coating the surface of RBCs

Answer 6

direct antiglobin test

Question 7

fluid accumulates under the skin usually in areas below the heart

Answer 7

dependent edema

Question 8

CHF, constrictive pericarditis, cirrhosis

Answer 8

generalized edema

Question 9

venous obstruction, thrombosis, external compression, inactivity

Answer 9

pulmonary edema

Question 10

systemic thromboembolism

80% from heart and 20% from aortic aneurysm, plaques, valve vegetation

end up in brain 10% and lower extremity 75%

Answer 10

arterial emboli

Question 11

pulmonary embolism

95% originiate in deep leg veins

saddle emboli or small multiple emboli

Answer 11

venous emboli

Question 12

air that enters circulation, can coalesce and cause obstruction in flow like ischemia

occurs from obstetric procedure, chest wall injury, iatrogenic, decompression sickness

Answer 12

air embolus

Question 13

uncommon complication

mortality 80%

Answer 13

amniotic fluid embolus

Question 14

microscopic fat globules in circulation

occurs after the fracture of long bones

fat embolism syndrome 1-3 days after injury

Answer 14

fat embolus

Question 15

comes from lipofuscin, melanin, and hemosiderin

Answer 15

endogenous glucose accumulation

Question 16

endothelial cells are exposed to histamine and endothelial cells contract and leads to gap formation and stuff leaks out

Answer 16

contraction of endothelial cell with gap formation

Question 17

endothelial cells are exposed to toxins, burns and chemicals

takes days to reverse

Answer 17

direct injury of endothelial cell (necrosis and detachment)

Question 18

in lab-mitogenic for epithelial cells and fibroblast

in body causes hepatic cell division

Answer 18

epidermal growth factor basic

Question 19

chemical species with a. single unpaired electron in outer orbital

highly reactive and unstable that initiates autocatalytic reactions

final common pathway of cell injury

Answer 19

free radicals

Question 20

the hallmark of healing

has a granular and pink appearance

3 properties angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, edema

Answer 20

granulation tissue

Question 21

pulmonary edema

Answer 21

left sided heart failure

Question 22

extremity edema

Answer 22

right sided heart failure

Question 23

iron

one of the ways endogenous glycogen can accumulate

Answer 23

hemosiderin

Question 24

in mast cells, basophils, platelets

vasodilators arterioles, increases vascular permeability, primary cause of edema

Answer 24

histamine

Question 25

alteration within cells or extracellular space that gives homogenous pink appearances with H&E

Answer 25

hyaline change

Question 26

increased levels are caused by local and systemic things can local or systemic

Answer 26

hydrostatic pressure

Question 27

excess calcium in the blod paraneoplastic mechanism (author that produces PTH) non paraneoplastic mechanism

Answer 27

hypercalcemia

Question 28

altered state of blood requiring less than normal clot promotion activities that produce a thrombus causes:leiden mutation, prothrombin mutation, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C or S deficiency, fibrinolysis defects

Answer 28

hypercoagulability

Question 29

increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation (active process) produces redness

Answer 29

hyperemia

Question 30

increase in number of cells leading to increase in the size of an organ physiologic or pathologic

Answer 30

hyperplasia

Question 31

increase in size of the cell resulting in an increase in the size of an organ due to limited capacity to divide, increased demand or increased growth factor physiologic or pathologic

Answer 31

hypertrophy

Question 32

found in endothelial cells for adherence

Answer 32

ICAM-1

Question 33

binding of IgE to mast cells causes release of the following mediators: vasoactive, chemotactic, neutral proteases, lipid mediators and cytokines causes seasonal allergies anaphylaxis

Answer 33

IgE

Question 34

opsonin activates the classical pathway (2nd time infection with memory cells)

Answer 34

IgG