NEOPLASIA II

Question 1

tumor mass results from clonal expansion of a single progenitor cell that has incurred genetic damage

Answer 1

monoclonal theory of cancer

Question 2

the cause of carcinogenesis; nonlethal because dead cells cant replicate

Answer 2

non lethal genetic damage

Question 3

growth promoting genes, generally responsible for cancer

Answer 3

proto oncogenes

Question 4

growth inhibiting genes

Answer 4

tumor suppressor genes

Question 5

RAS is the #1 gene under this category

Answer 5

point mutation

Question 6

fusion of gene w/ new sequences, places genes next to strong promoters/enhancers

Answer 6

translocation

Question 7

translocation from 9 to 22

Answer 7

philadelphia chromosome

Question 8

amplification of n-MYC gene in human neuroblastomas is an example of?

Answer 8

gene amplification

Question 9

loss of tumor suppressor gene or apoptosis of regular gene; second most prevalent abnormality

Answer 9

deletions

Question 10

non coding single stranded RNA’s, 22 nucleotides long

Answer 10

microRNAs

Question 11

reversible heritable changes in gene expression, occurring without mutation

post translational mods of histones and DNA methylation

Answer 11

epigenetic modification

Question 12

number of chromosomes is not a multiple of the haploid state (23); common in malignancies

Answer 12

aneuploidy

Question 13

multi step process at both phenotypic and genetic levels, resulting from the accumulation of multiple mutations

Answer 13

carcinogenesis

Question 14

a malignant genotype mutated or overexpressed versions of normal genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells

Answer 14

oncogenes

Question 15

normal cellular genes that control growth growth and differentiation

Answer 15

proto oncogenes

Question 16

normal cellular genes that prevent uncontrolled growth

Answer 16

tumor suppressor genes

Question 17

classic tumor suppressors like RB gene involved in the TGF-B pathway

Answer 17

governors/promotors

Question 18

these sense genomic damage like the p53 gene

Answer 18

guardians/caretakers

Question 19

normal cellular genes that prevent mutations in other genes to be passed onto daughter cells

Answer 19

DNA repair genes

Question 20

best to consider these genes in the context of 6 fundamental changes in cell physiology which dictate the malignant phenotype

Answer 20

cancer related genes

Question 21

these bind to cell membrane and inhibit growth

Answer 21

growth inhibitory factors

Question 22

down regulation of growth promoting signals

Answer 22

signal transduction

Question 23

carcinogenesis is a multistep process

non random chromosomal abnormalities

no single oncogene can fully transform cells

every cancer has multiple genetic alterations

Answer 23

molecular basis