CELLULAR ADAPTATION DEFN

Question 1

a bridging discipline involving both basic sciences and clinical practice

Studies the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease states

Answer 1

pathology

Question 2

the cause

Answer 2

etiology

Question 3

the mechanism of the development of the disease

Answer 3

pathogenesis

Question 4

structural alterations in cells and tissues due to the disease process

Answer 4

morphology

Question 5

functional consequences of the morphologic changes

Answer 5

Clinical signs and symptoms

Question 6

shrinkage in the size and function of the cells resulting in a decrease in the size of the organ; also decreases function of organ

Answer 6

atrophy

Question 7

with prolonged disuse, skeletal muscle fibers decrease in number (apoptosis) as well as size

Answer 7

decreased workload

Question 8

damage to nerves leads to atrophy of muscle fibers supplied by them (traumatic
injury or ischemia of brain/spinal cord)

Answer 8

Loss of innervation (denervation)

Question 9

ischemia of tissue

Answer 9

Decreased blood supply

Question 10

muscle wasting (as seen	in cachexia	
- cancer	and	chronic	inflammatory disease, assoc.	with	chronic overproduction	of TNF)

Answer 10

Inadequate nutrition

Question 11

“self-eating” (cell destroying parts of itself)
- starved cell eats its own components in an attempt
to find nutrients and survive

Answer 11

Increased autophagy

Question 12

membrane-bound vacuoles containing fragments of cell components

Answer 12

Autophagic vacuoles

Question 13

cell debris within vacuoles which resists digestion and persist in cytoplasm
ex. lipofuscin granules

Answer 13

residual bodies

Question 14

“brown atrophy, impart brown discoloration to tissue

Answer 14

lipofuscin granules

Question 15

increase in size of cell

Answer 15

Hypertrophy

Question 16

increase in # of cells

Answer 16

Hyperplasia

Question 17

increases functional capacity of a tissue when needed

Answer 17

Hormonal

Question 18

increases tissue mass after damage or partial resection

Answer 18

Compensatory

Question 19

usually caused by excesses or hormones or growth factors acting on target cells (ex. proliferation of uterus after menstruation)

Answer 19

Pathologic hyperplasia

Question 20

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type, most common epithelial is columnar to squamous typically involving a loss of function; the influences that predispose to metaplasia, if persistent, may initiate
malignant transformation in metaplastic epithelium

Answer 20

Metaplasia