TERMS Flashcards
consequence of complete obstruction of airway
▪ Resorption of oxygen in dependent acini
▪ Diminished lung volume
▪ Mediastinum shifts toward collapsed lung
Resorption Atelectasis
results when pleural cavity is partially or completely filled w/ fluid, exudate, blood, or air
▪ Mediastinum shirts away from collapsed lung
Compression Atelectasis
results from local/generalized fibrotic changes that prevent expansion
Contraction Atelectasis
leakage of excessive interstitial fluid which accumulates in the alveolar space.
hemodynamic
microvascular injury
Pulmonary Edema
spectrum of bilateral pulmonary damage to endothelium or epithelium of lungs
“Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema” or “diffuse alveolar damage”
Acute Lung Injury
type of acute lung injury
anything that could make the lungs not work, like shock, inhalation of oxygen, diffuse pulmonary infection
Diffuse damage to alveolar capillaries and epithelium
▪ Free radicals
▪ Neutrophil aggregation
▪ Macrophage activation
▪ Surfactant loss
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
sustained pulmonary a. systolic pressure > 25mmHg
decrease in the cross-sectional area of pulmonary vasculature
▪ usually secondary to disease due to COPD, interstitial lung disease
▪ congenital/acquired heart disease
▪ recurrent thromboemboli
Pulmonary Hypertension
abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces and destruction of alveolar walls distal to terminal bronchioles, very common affecting more males, due to smoking, dyspnea, barrel chest, cough, prolonged expiration, hyperresonant lungs, decrease FEV1, normal FVC (decrease FEV/FVC ration)
name this type:
uniform enlargement of all alveoli associated w/ a α1-antitrypsin deficiency
this enzyme is the primary inhibitor of elastase secreted by neutrophils
Emphysema
Panacinar Emphysema
persistent cough w/ sputum production for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive yrs
middle aged men, smoking, goblet cells, persistent cough, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, cyanosis, cor pulonale, dyspnea on exertion
Chronic Bronchitis
chronic relapsing inflammatory disorder of airways
Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction, chronic bronchial inflammation w/ eosinophils, bronchial SM cell hypertrophy, and hyperreactivity and increased mucus secretion in bronchi
curshmann’s spirals
charcot leyden crystals
asthma attack
status asthmaticus
Asthma
chronic, necrotizing infection of bronchi and bronchioles leading to abnormal permanent dilation of these airways with inflammatory destruction
Bronchiectasis
name this pulmonary infections
inflammatory reaction in the alveoli and interstitium caused by infectious agent
pneumonia
name this type of pneumonia?
patchy exudative consolidation of lung parenchyma
• Occurs in infancy and old people
Bronchopneumonia
name this type of pneumonia?
involves entire lobe or large portion of lung (not common)
Lobar Pneumonia
name this type of pneumonia?
patchy or lobar w/o consolidation
- Involves interstitial pneumonitis and hyaline membranes
- Secondary bacterial infection → Influenza (‘most common’)
Mycoplasmal/Viral Pneumonia
name this type of pneumonia?
localized suppurative necrosis caused by:
aspiration of infective material, antecedent bacterial infection, septic emboli, obstructive tumor, post traumatic penetrations of the lung
pulmonary abscess
a disorder in ineffective epithelial transport affecting fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining
Autosomal Recessive
complications due to secondary obstruction and infection
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
name this restrictive pulmonary disease
multisystem disease of unknown cause characterized by noncaseating granulomas
lymphadenopathy or lung involvement (in 90% of cases)
Sarcoidosis
name this restrictive pulmonary disease
restrictive lung disease caused by thickening of alveolar interstitium, aka
interstitial pneumonia or cryptogenic fibrosing
alveolitis
Fibroblastic Foci
Honeycomb Fibrosis
Honeycomb appearance w/
coarse reticular pattern
decreased VC, TLC
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
name this restrictive pulmonary disease
often has pulmonary involvement
• CVD’s include Lupus, RA, Sclerosis, and Dermatomyositis-polymyositis
• Pulmonary involvement is associated w/ a poor prognosis
Collagen Vascular Disease
name this pulmonary tumor
lung cancer, common, affects more males, leading cause of cancer death in women, 90-95% of primary lung tumors due to smoking, occupation, air pollution
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
occur in larger and more central bronchi
▪ Disseminate outside the thorax later than other types so it spreads locally, but metastasizes much later
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
▪ Occur more peripherally
▪ More common in women and nonsmokers
▪ Involves acinar, papillary, mucinous, and solid elements
▪ Grow slowly but metastasize at an early stage
–Treatment (surgery) is hard bc you have to catch
it at an early stage
▪ Associated w/ scarring
▪ Preneoplastic Precursor Lesions:
Atypical Adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)
Adenocarcinoma in situ (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma)
Adenocarcinoma
name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Pale gray, centrally located masses; small cells w/ scantycytoplasm
▪ Grow quick and metastasize early
• Extend into lung parenchyma w/ early involvement of hilar and mediastinal nodes
▪ Can be spindled or polygonal, nuclear molding
▪ Seen under electron microscopy
Small-Cell Carcinoma
name this type of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
undifferentiated malignant epithelial tumor
large nuclei
squamous cell or adenocarcinoma that are undifferentiated
Large-Cell Carcinoma
name this pulmonary tumor
neuroendocrine tumor, main stem bronchi, intermittent attacks of diarrhea, flushing, and cyanosis, spherical pale mass
Bronchial Carcinoid
name this pulmonary tumor
lung is a frequent spot for metastasis; spread via blood, lymphatics, or contiguous
Numerous metastases to lung from renal cell
carcinoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
what are the inflammatory pleural effusions?
serous
purulent
hemorrhagic
what are the non inflammatory pleural effusions?
Hydrothorax
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
what is this Inflammatory Pleural Effusions
serofibrinous, and fibrinous pleuritic ▪ Have an inflammatory basis ▪ Differ in intensity and duration ▪ Most common causes involve infection/inflammation of the underlying pulmonary parenchyma
Serous
what is this Inflammatory Pleural Effusions?
pleural exudate (empyema)
▪ Usually results from bacterial or mycotic seeding of the pleural space
• Frequently due to contiguous spread from an infection of the pulmonary
parenchyma
• Occasionally through lymphatic or Hematogenous dissemination
▪ Usually large volumes of pus
▪ Tends to organize into dense adhesions, which frequently obliterate the pleural space
Purulent
Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it
▪ Collection of serous fluid in the pleural cavity
▪ Most common cause is cardiac failure
hydrothorax
Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it
▪ Collection of blood in the pleural fluid
▪ Typically caused by vascular trauma or rupture of aortic aneurysm
hemothorax
Noninflammatory Pleural Effusions, name it
▪ An accumulation of milky fluid, usually from lymphatics
▪ Contains finely emulsified fats
▪ Most often caused by thoracic duct trauma or obstruction
chylothorax
