HEMODYNAMIC DISEASE I HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what causes extravascular fluid to accumulate?

Answer 1

increased hydrostatic pressure

or

diminished plasma oncotic pressure

Question 2

how does non-inflammatory edema fluid appear?

Answer 2

transudate-heart, renal or hepatic failure, malnutrition

Question 3

how does inflammatory edema fluid appear?

Answer 3

exudate, increased vascular permeability

Question 4

edema can result due to?

Answer 4

increased hydrostatic pressure

reduced plasma oncotic pressure

sodium retention

lymphatic obstruction

inflammation

Question 5

effect of localized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 5

venous obstruction or compression

Question 6

effect of generalized increase in hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 6

CHF
constrictive pericarditis
liver cirrhosis

Question 7

effect of generalized reduced plasma oncotic pressure?

Answer 7

albumin loss

decreased synthesis of albumin

Question 8

sodium retention can result in what affect on renal perfusion affecting what else?

Answer 8

decreased renal perfusion due to increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion resulting in hypertension

Question 9

transudate specific gravity (SG)?

Answer 9

SG<1.012

Question 10

exudate specific gravity (SG)?

Answer 10

SG>1.020

Question 11

what is the morphology of edema

Answer 11

clearing and separation of the ECM and subtle cell swelling, most commonly seen in SQ tissues, the lung and brain

Question 12

what are the two types of edema?

Answer 12

subcutaneous

• pitting
• dependent

Visceral

• pulmonary
• brain

Question 13

hyperemia does what to the tissues?

active or passive?

Answer 13

affected tissues become erythematous due to engorgement of vessels with oxygenated blood

active

Question 14

congestion does what to the tissues?

active or passive?

Answer 14

passive proces in which affected tissues become cyanotic due to RBC stasis and accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin

Question 15

example of systemic congestion?

Answer 15

cardiac failure

Question 16

example of local congestion?

Answer 16

isolated venous congestion

Question 17

what is the morphology of congestion?

*name an example?

Answer 17

• distended venules
• microscopic hemorrhages
• hemosiderin laden macrophages, indicating heart failure cells
• acute hepatic congestion
• nutmeg liver pattern
• heart failure

Question 18

what are the types of hemorrhages?

Answer 18

petechiae
purpura
ecchymoses

Question 19

what are the types of shocks?

Answer 19

cardiogenic
hypovolemic
septic
neurogenic
anaphylactic

Question 20

real quick, what are the stages of shock?

Answer 20

nonprogressive
progressive
irreversible

Question 21

what are the clinical characteristics of shock?

Answer 21

hypotension
tachycardia
cool, clammy, cyanotic skin
oliguria
mental statue status

Question 22

what is the morphology of shock?

Answer 22

brain
kidney
heart
lungs

Question 23

how does the prognosis of shock vary?

Answer 23

varies with shock and its duration