INFLAMMATION I HIGH YIELD

Question 1

what are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

rubor
tumor
calor
dolar

Question 2

what is the 5ht cardinal sign?

Answer 2

functio laesa- loss of function

Question 3

so the protective response of inflammation is tied to what process?

Answer 3

repair

Question 4

what are the two components of inflammation? types

Answer 4

vascular and cellular

acute or chronic

Question 5

the vascular component of acute inflammation be described as?

Answer 5

vasodilation

structural changes resulting in increased permeability

Question 6

the cellular component of acute inflammation can be described as?

Answer 6

emigration of leukocytes from circulation

accumulation of leukocytes at point of injury

Question 7

stimuli for acute inflammation?

Answer 7

infectious agents
physical agents
chemical agents
immunologic reactions
necrotic tissue

Question 8

characteristics of acute inflammation?

Answer 8

relatively short duration
exudation of fluid and proteins
emigration of neutrophils and WBCs 
stereotypic pattern
platelets

Question 9

what are the f major classes of pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 9

TLRs
NLR
C-type lectin receptors
rig-like receptors

Question 10

what are the changes in vascular flow and caliber?

Answer 10

transient vasoconstriction
vasodilation
increased vascular permeability
slowing of circulation
leukocyte margination

Question 11

what are the mechanisms of vascular leakage?

Answer 11

endothelial cell contraction with gap formation

junctional retraction

direct endothelial injury

leukocyte dependent endothelial injury

leakage from new blood vessel

increased transcytosis

Question 12

what are the responses of lymphatic vessels?

Answer 12

lymph flow is increased

leukocytes and cell debris leading to humoral immunity

lymphatic vessel proliferate

can become secondarily inflamed

draining lymph nodes can be inflamed

Question 13

what are the cellular events in acute inflammation?

Answer 13

margination
adherence
transmigration
chemotaxis and leukocyte activation
phagocytosis

Question 14

what are the three distinct steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 14

recognition and attachment

engulfment

killing or degradation

• two mechs
• -oxygen dependent
• -oxygen independent

Question 15

what is a specific type of phagocytosis where products are released into the phagolysosome can be potentially released into extracellular space?

Answer 15

leukocyte induced tissue injury

Question 16

what is the significance of neutrophil extracellular traps or NETs?

Answer 16

response to infectious pathogens like bacteria and inflammatory mediators

provide antimicrobial substance at the site of infection and prevent spread of microbes

Question 17

what are the chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 17

from plasma 
use receptors
amplification
short lived
acts on one target
potential for harmful effects

Question 18

what are the stop signals for inflammation?

Answer 18

switch from pro to anti inflammatory lipoxins

liberations of TGF-B form macrophages

neural impulses (cholinergic) that inhibit the production of TNF in macrophages