18 DAS Extubation Guidelines 2012 Flashcards
https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07075.x
Principais causas de problemas relacionados a extubacao (5)
- Reflexos de vias aereas (aumentados, reduzidos, disfuncionais)
- Deplecao de reserva de oxigenio
- Lesao de via aerea
- Comprometimento fisiologico de outros sistemas
- Fatores humanos (equipamentos, monitores, distrações, fadiga…)
What is Laryngospasm ?
- Protective exaggeration of the normal glottic closure reflex
- Stimulation of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve
How is Laryngospasm often triggered?
- Presence of blood, secretions or surgical debris, particularly in a light plane of anesthesia.
Nasal, buccal, pharyngeal or laryngeal irritation, upper abdominal stimulation or manipulation and smell have all been implicated in the aetiology of laryngospasm.
Quais os 4 passos propostos pela DAS Extubation Guidelines 2012
- plan extubation.
- prepare for extubation.
- perform extubation.
- post-extubation care: recovery and follow-up.
Conforme o algoritmo de extubacao da DAS, quais as perguntas importantes no “Step 1: plan extubation”.
Determinar se baixo ou elevado risco
- Are there airway risk factors?
- was the airway normal ⁄ uncomplicated at induction?
- has the airway changed?
- Are there general risk factors?
O que é uma extubacao de baixo risco?
This is a routine or uncomplicated extubation. The airway was normal⁄uncomplicated at induction and remains unchanged at the end of surgery, and no general risk factors are present.
O que é uma extubacao de alto risco?
Airway risk factors are present:
- Pre-existing airway difficulties: Ex: obesity and OSA, and those at risk of aspiration of gastric contents; Airway access was difficult at induction (anticipated or unanticipated) and may have worsened intra-operatively.
- Peri-operative airway deterioration. The airway was normal at induction, but may have become difficult to manage, for example, due to distorted anatomy, haemorrhage, haematoma or oedema resulting from surgery, trauma or non-surgical factors;
- Restricted airway access. Airway access was straight-forward at induction, but is limited at the end of surgery, for example, where the airway is shared, or head ⁄ neck movements restricted (halo fixation, mandibular wiring, surgical implants, cervical spine fixation).
General risk factors may also be present; these may complicate or even preclude extubation, and include impaired respiratory function, cardiovascular instability, neurological ⁄ neuromuscular impairment, hypo ⁄ hyperthermia, and abnormalities of clotting, acid-base balance or electrolyte levels.
Conforme o algoritmo de extubacao da DAS, o que é feito no “Step 2: prepare for extubation”. (6)
Avaliação e otimização final dos fatores de via aerea
Checar:
- Via aerea - edema, sangramento, corpo estranho, distorcao anatomica
- Laringe - cuff-leak test, espirometria.
- VA inferior
- Reversao de BNM
- Estabilidade cardiaca, temperatura, DHEAB, coagulada
- Analgesia adequada
Qual a principal diferenca do Step 1 e do Step 2?
- Step 1 would stratify both these patients into the ‘at- risk’ extubation group.
- Step 2 would enable stabilisation of general factors and optimisation of logistical factors e.g. communication with the intensive care unit, assembling equipment, getting help.
Consideracoes gerais do passo 3 (“perform extubation”) do algoritmo DAS de Extubacao: (6)
- Pre-oxigenação
- Succao
- Coxim / Guedel
- Evitar estimulo da via aerea
- Supressao da tosse: remifentanyl, lidocaina
- Antagonizar BNM
Quais medidas nao tem evidencias robustas no passo 3 para extubacao? (2)
- posicionmaneto TDL reverso
- Manobras de recrutamento alveolar
Como deve ser realizada a Sucção de VA pre-extuibacao?
- sob visualização direta, idealmente Laringoscopia
Vantagens e desvantagens de extubacao acordado
- mais seguro
- mais reflexo de tosse
Vantagens e desvantagens de extubacao em plano:
- menos incidencia de tosse e efeitos hemodinamicos do movimento do tubo
- maior incidencia de obstrucao de via aerea
- apenas para paciente sem risco de aspiracao
This is an advanced technique, which should be reserved for patients in whom airway management would be easy and who are not at increased risk of aspiration.
Em que situacoes aplicar o algoritmo de “alto risco” para extubacao? (2)
- Identificados fatores que sugerem que o paciente nao vai manter VA apos remoção do TOT
- preocupacao que o manejo da VA nao sera adequado se reintubacao for necessaria