43 Neurocirurgia Flashcards

1
Q

When neurosurgical procedures are performed in the sitting position, blood pressure should be corrected to the level of the external auditory meatus and mean arterial pressure (MAP) should be maintained at ______ in normotensive adults.

A

60 mmHg

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2
Q

Qual a PPC alvo para as primeiras 45-72h pos TCE em adultos?

A

60-70mmHg

One of the prominent themes of contemporary neurosurgery is that CPP should be maintained at normal or even high-normal levels after acute central nervous system insults and during most intracranial neurosurgical procedures

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3
Q

Como é a curva de relacao Volume-Pressao no espaço intracraniano

A

The plateau phase occurring at low volumes reveals that the intracranial space is not com- pletely closed, which confers some compensatory latitude.

  • Quando os mecanismos compensatorios sao vencidos, ha ↑importante da PIC mesmo com pouco ↑Volume
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4
Q

A compensação do aumento de volume intracranisano acontece por que mecanismos principais? (2)

A

Translocacao de LCE e sangue venoso, para o espaço espinhal e veias extracraniais, respectivamente.

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5
Q

Quais as principais variáveis que podem interagir ou agravar a HIC (4)

A
  • Celula - neuronios, glia, tumores, sangue extravasado
  • Fluido - intracelular e intersticial
  • LCE
  • Sangue
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6
Q

A partir dos principais compartimentos que podem causar ↑PIC, como o Anestesista pode influenciar em cada um deles?

A

1) Sangue: ↓FSC e otimizar drenagem venosa cerebral

  • ↑Pressao VA ou Intra-Toracica,
  • ↑Pressao Venosa Jugular,
  • ↑PaCO₂,
  • ↓PaO₂,
  • Anestesicos,
  • Vasodilatadores

2) Volume LCE

  • Drenagem

3) Intracelular e Intersticial

  • Diureticos

4) Celular

  • Cirurgia
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7
Q

Qual o efeito da obstrucao de retorno venoso em um paciente com hematoma intracerebral em relacao a PIC?

A

Bilateral jugular compression was applied briefly to verify the function of a newly placed ventriculostomy. The ICP response illustrates the importance of maintaining unobstructed cerebral venous drainage.

Com a obstrucao do RV, nao ocorre resposta compensatoria adequada e a PIC se eleva mesmo com pressoes normais

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8
Q

Como desobstruir o Retorno Venoso na HIC? (3)

A
  • Posicionamento
  • Pressao intratoracica
  • BNM
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9
Q

Em que situacao de excecao, o VSC pode aumentar conforme a vasculatura dilata em resposta a uma diminuicao súbita do FSC?

A

Isquemia causada por hipotensao

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10
Q

Despite the vasodilatory potential of both N2O and volatile anesthetics, experience dictates that both, with the latter in concentrations less than the minimum alveolar concentra- tion (MAC), can be used in most elective and many emer- gent neurosurgical procedures when administered as part of a balanced anesthetic technique in combination with opioids.

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

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11
Q

Although inhaled anesthetics are entirely acceptable components of most anesthetics for neurosurgery, in circumstances in which ICP is persistently increased or the surgical field is persistently “tight,” N2O and volatile anes- thetics should be replaced by intravenous anesthetics.

  • Quais sao essas situacoes? (5)
A

Pacientes com sinais de HIC grave, como:

  1. Sonolento, com vômitos e papiledema
  2. Grande massa tumoral
  3. TCE com uma lesão expansiva
  4. Cisternas basais comprimidas
  5. Cisternas e sulcos obliterados na TC

A recomendação é utilizar uma técnica predominantemente intravenosa até que o crânio e a dura-máter estejam abertos.

Because both N2O and volatile anesthetics can be vasodilators in some circumstances, when the compensatory latitude of the intracranial space has been exhausted and physiology is abnormal, omit- ting them on a just-in-case basis may be prudent.

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12
Q

Checklist de HIC “Tight Brain”: (4)

A
  1. As pressoes relevantes foram controladas? (PJu, PVA, PaCO₂, PaO₂, PAM)
  2. A Taxa Metabolica for controlada?
  3. Algum vasodilatador potencial em uso?
  4. Existe alguma lesao em massa nao reconhecida?
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13
Q

Induction of hypocapnia was once a routine part of the management of intracranial neurosurgical procedures.

  • Qual o problema desta abordagem? (2)
A
  • Efeito vasoconstrictor da ↓PaCO₂ pode causar isquemia
  • Efeitos de ↓FSC e ↓PIC nao sao sustentados por períodos prolongados

By alterations in function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, the concentration of bicarbonate in CSF and the brain’s extracellular fluid space is reduced, and with a time course of 8 to 12 hours, the pH of these compartments returns to normal. Simultaneously, CBF returns toward normal levels.

A sudden increase in PaCO2 from 25 to 40 mm Hg in a patient who has been chronically hyper- ventilated will have the same physiologic effect that a rapid change from 40 to 55 mm Hg would have in a previously normocapnic patient.

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14
Q

Efeitos da Hipocapnia induzida em um cerebro normal

A
  • Pouco efeito deleterio
  • Reduzir no maximo ate 22-25mmHg
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15
Q

Efeitos da Hipocapnia induzida em um cerebro com lesao

A

Pode causar isquemia, especialmente se o FSC é baixo (comum nas primeiras 24h apos lesao cerebral)

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16
Q

Em que situacao a Hiperventilacao / Hipocapnia é utilizada na neurocirurgia? (2)

A
  • Terapia de resgate: quando a herniação é iminente ou em progresso,
  • Condicoes do campo cirurgico dificultam a cirurgia
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17
Q

One of the prominent themes of contemporary neurosurgery is that CPP should be maintained at normal or even high-normal levels after acute central nervous system insults and during most intracranial neurosurgical procedures.

  • Por que manter a PPC normal ou elevada nestas situacoes? (2)
A
  1. A curva de autorregulacao pode estar alterada
  2. A manutencao da PA é relevante para o cerebro comprimido pelos afastadores, porque a PP efetiva é diminuída pelo aumento da pressao tecidual
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18
Q

Em que situacoes um manejo agressivo da PA pode ser benéfico para melhorar a perfusao? (3)

A
  1. Lesões agudas ao SNC
  2. Lesões medulares recentes
  3. Procedimentos intracranianos (maioria)

Although the only supportive data are anecdotal, we believe that an aggressive attitude toward arterial blood pressure support should also be given to patients who have sustained a recent spinal cord injury (SCI). This also applies to a spinal cord that is under compression, at risk for compression or vascular compromise because of a disease process (most commonly cervical spinal stenosis with or without ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament) or an intended surgical procedure, and to those patients undergoing surgery involving retraction of the spinal cord. We believe that arterial blood pressure during anesthesia in these patients should be maintained as closely as possible to, and certainly within, 10% of average awake values.

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19
Q

The administration of steroids for the purpose of reducing or limiting the formation of edema has a well-established place in neurosurgery.

  • Quais sao essas situacoes? (2)
A
  • Edema associado ao tumor
  • Necrose induzida por radiação
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20
Q

Por que o Manitol deve ser administrado em 10-15min

A

A exposicao subita da hiperosmolaridade na circulação cerebral pode ter um efeito vasodilatador, levando a ingurgitamento cerebral e ↑PIC, que nao ocorrem com a adminstracao lenta.

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21
Q

Quais os mecanismos de rebote que podem ocorrer com o uso de diureticos

A
  1. Manitol: ingurgitamento e vasodilatacao
  2. Hipertonico - Acumulo de Osmois Idiogenicos (Cl⁻)

Rebound cerebral swelling can certainly occur after an episode of extreme increase in blood glucose concentration. The use of HTS rather than manni- tol will not obviate this phenomenon.

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22
Q

Na ausencia de contraindicações, quando iniciar anticonvulsivantes profilácticos?

A

Maioria das craniotomias supratentoriais

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23
Q

Como é a posicao de Jannetta?

A
  • Lateral tilting of the table 10 to 20 degrees
  • Shoulder roll.
  • Descompressao microvascular do nV
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24
Q

Principais cuidados com a posicao Prona: (6)

A
  • Compressao ocular
  • Neuropatia Optica Isquémica
  • Lesoes nervosas perifericas
  • Pontos de pressao na face
  • Compressao de veia cava
  • Lesao em lingua
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25
Q

Na posicao sentada, em que pacientes a PAM alvo deve ser > 60mmHg? (6)

A
  • idosos
  • HAS
  • Doenca Cerebrovascular conhecida
  • Doenca degenerativa de coluna cervical
  • Estenose de coluna cervical
  • Pressão excessiva de afastadores
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26
Q

Qual deve ser a distancia entre o queixo/mandibula e o esterno/clavicula para prevenir reducao excessiva do diâmetro AP da orofaringe e macroglossia?

A

2 dedos.

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27
Q

Em que situacao pode ocorrer Pneumocefalo Hipertensivo nao relacionado a N₂O (4)

A

It occurs because air enters the cranium when the patient is in a head-up position at a time when the volume of the intracranial contents has been reduced because of some combination of: 1) hypocapnia, 2) good venous drainage, 3) osmotic diuresis, and 4) CSF loss from the operative field.

When the cranium is closed and the patient is returned to the near supine position, CSF, venous blood, and extracellular fluid return or reaccumulate and the air pocket becomes an unyielding mass lesion (because of the very slow diffusion of nitrogen).

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28
Q

Ar residual intracraniano pode ser considerado normal apos quanto tempo de craniotomia?

A
  • 7 dias
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29
Q

The incidence of VAE varies according to the procedure, the intraoperative position, and the detection method used.

Durante procedimentos na fossa posterior, na posicao sentado, qual a incidencia de Embolia Venosa Aerea encontrada no Doppler precordial e ETE?

A

VAE is detectable by precordial Doppler in approxi- mately 40% of patients and by TEE in as many as 76%

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30
Q

No intraop, qual a combinacao de monitores mais frequentemente utilizada para detectar EVA?

A
  • Doppler
  • CO₂ expirado
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31
Q

Onde deve ser posicionado o Doppler TT para detecção de EVA

A

Doppler placement in a left or right parasternal location between the second and third or third and fourth ribs has a very high detection rate for gas embolization

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32
Q

Quais pacientes tem indicação de Cateterizacao de Coracao Direito?

A
  • Procedimentos da fossa posterior em posicao sentada

In the absence of VAE risk and in the presence of good peripheral venous access, we rarely place right heart catheters for neurosurgical proce- dures. Antecedent cardiac disease may justify a pulmonary arterial catheter. The use of the precordial Doppler is also described in the section VAE.

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33
Q

Como deve ser o manejo de um evento Embolico Aereo Agudo? (2)

A
  1. Prevencao de entrada de ar adicional
  2. Tratar o ar intravascular
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34
Q

Como confirmar o posicionamento adequado do Cateter de AD pelo ECG?

A

Onda P Bifasica

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35
Q

Como prevenir Embolia Aerea Paradoxial em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos na fossa posterior?

A
  • Administracao generosa de fluidos - 2800ml/paciente
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36
Q

Que manobras podem aumentar a risco de Embolia Aerea Paradoxal?

A
  • PEEP
  • Valsalva
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36
Q

Principios do manejo de fluidos para anestesia em neurocirurgia: (2)

A
  1. manter normovolemia
  2. evitar reducao da Osm Serica

The first principle is a derivative of the concept presented in the section Management of Arterial Blood Pressure, which is that it is gener- ally ideal to maintain a normal MAP in patients undergoing most neurosurgical procedures and neurosurgical critical care. Maintaining normovolemia is simply one element of maintaining a normal MAP. The second principle is a deriv- ative of the observation that lowering serum osmolarity results in edema of both normal and abnormal brain

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37
Q

Vantagens e desvantagens de SF 0.9% x RL em neurocirurgias

A

SF0.9%:

  • Osm mais proxima do plasma
  • Risco de Acidose Hipercloremica - The physiologic significance of this acidosis, which involves the extracellular but not the intracellular fluid space, is unclear. At a minimum, it has the potential to confuse the diagnostic picture when aci- dosis is present.

RL

  • Osm mais baixa que o plasma
  • Sem Acidose HIpercloremica
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38
Q

Em relacao a administracao de Coloides, qual a conclusão da analise de subgrupos do estudo SAFE?

A

An analysis of the subset of patients in the SAFE (Saline vs. Albumin Fluid Evaluation) trial with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score 3-8) revealed increased mortality among those who received albumin.

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39
Q

Qual a recomendação do uso de soluções hipertonicas na ressuscitação de vitimas de politrauma e TCE?

A
  • Sem comprovacao cientifica
40
Q

Qual a recomendação de hipotermia induzida em pacientes com TCE?

A
  • Nao recomendada
41
Q

Praticas para que o paciente retorne a consciência da anestesia com mais tranquilidade na neurocirurgia: (6)

A
  • Lidocaina, BBQ, Dexmedetomidina
  • Transicao com N₂O ou Propofol
  • Opioides
  • Adiar reversão de BNM
  • Aguardar o curativo da cabeça para desligar AG
  • Lidocaina 1.5mg/kg durante o curativo
42
Q

Qual tipo de lesao aumenta o risco de Embolia Venosa Aerea em tumore supratentoriais?

A
  • Tu próximos ao Seio Sagital

Full VAE precautions, including a right atrial catheter, are usually reserved for only the supraten- torial tumors that lie near the posterior half of the superior sagittal sinus.

43
Q

Excision of craniopharyngiomas and pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension may entail dissection in and around the hypothalamus

  • O que a irritacao do Hipotalamo pode provocar? (2)
A
  • Resposta simpatica (hipertensao)
  • Disturbios do equilibrio da agua (DI, SCPS) - geralmente apos 12-48h
44
Q

Patients who undergo a craniotomy involving a sub- frontal approach sometimes manifest a disturbance of consciousness in the immediate postoperative period.

  • Quais sao as complicacoes de cirurgia nos lobos frontais? (2)
A
  • Emergencia de plano anestésico atrasado
  • Grau de desinibição
45
Q

Como deve ser o preparo pre-op de tumores supratentoriais? (3)

A
  • Corticoides 48h - Dexametasona 10mg IV q6h
  • Evitar premedicacao sedativa
  • Considerar profilax anticonvulsivante
46
Q

Quais invasões sao recomendadas em tumores supratentoriais?

A
  • PAI
  • Cateter central
47
Q

Quais os criterios utilizados para a escala da World Federation of Neurosurgeons Classification? (2)

A
  • GCS
  • Deficit Mtor

Early intervention was originally undertaken only in patients in the better neurologic grades—that is, grades I-III and perhaps IV of the World Federation of Neurosurgeons classification (Table 57.2) or grades I-III of the Hunt-Hess classification (Table 57.3)—but is now recommended for the majority of patients.

48
Q

Por que a abordagem precoce de aneurisma é recomendada? (2)

A
  1. Menor chance de re-sangramento (pp causa de morte)
  2. Reduz tempo de hospitalização e de complicacoes associadas.

The management of the ischemia caused by vasospasm involves fluid resuscitation and induced hypertension. Early occlusion of the aneurysm eliminates the risk of rebleeding associated with this therapy.

49
Q

Problemas da abordagem precoce de aneurisma (2)

A
  1. Tecnica cirurgica mais dificil
  2. Risco de Rotura (nao formou coagulo)
50
Q

Como deve ser o manejo de fluidos de pacientes com Rotura de Aneurisma e disturbios do Na⁺? (2)

A
  • Restricao de Fluidos se SIADH
  • Hiponatremia é mais comum por SCPS

Although the clinical distinction between these two causes of hyponatremia (SIADH and cerebral salt-wasting syndrome) may be difficult, management of both is relatively simple: adminis- tration of isotonic and/or hypertonic fluids using intravas- cular normovolemia and normonatremia as the end point.

51
Q

Como é o manejo de vasoespasmo? (3)

A
  • Euvolemia
  • Hipertensao
  • Angioplastia por balão ou vasodilatadores intra-arteriais

Evitar hipotensao

52
Q

Efeitos de Nimodipino na HSA

A
  • Menor morbidade
53
Q

Alteracoes cardiacas da HSA (3)

A
  • Disfuncao miocardica (“stunning”) - reversivel
  • ↑Troponinas
  • Anormalidade ECG - ↑QT, ↓ST, ondas-U
54
Q

Cuidados na tecnica anestesica da HSA (3)

A
  1. PAM normal-elevada para manter FSC
  2. evitar Hipertensao - risco de re-rotura
  3. Relaxamento cerebral intraop

Ajustes finos de PAM: conforme necessidade de clipar, controlar sito ou períodos de oclusão vascular

55
Q

Beneficios do manitol na HSA (3)

A
  1. Facilita exposicao
  2. Reduz pressoes de afastadores
  3. Melhora FSC em regiões de moderada reducao

Typically, mannitol administered in a dose of 1 g/kg just before dural opening provides satisfactory brain relaxation. Surgeons who believe in its CBF-enhancing effect may request a second 1 g/kg approximately 15 minutes before an anticipated temporary occlusion.

56
Q

It is occasionally necessary to trap the aneurysm (i.e., to tem- porarily occlude the vessel on both sides of the aneurysm) to complete the dissection of the neck and apply the clip.

  • Qual a implicacao anestesica?
A
  • Manter PAM normal-elevada durante periodos de oclusão para facilitar FSC colateral.
  • Boa tolerancia se < 14min
57
Q

Estrategias de protecao cerebral na HSA (3)

A
  1. PAM adequada para manter fluxo colateral e perfusao
  2. Relaxamento cerebral (↓Volume Cerebral)
  3. Limitar tempo de oclusao temporaria

Hipotermia leve é controverso

There have been no convincing laboratory demonstrations that propofol provides any greater tolerance to a standardized ischemic insult than does anesthesia with a volatile anesthetic.

58
Q

Em relacao aos anestesicos voláteis, qual o melhor para neuroptrotecao?

A
  • Todos igualmente

With respect to the volatile anesthetics, attempts in the laboratory to confirm the once proclaimed protec- tive efficacy of isoflurane have demonstrated that there are no differences among the various volatile anesthetics in terms of their influence on outcome after focal or global ischemia in the laboratory

59
Q

Albvo de Hb em HSA com risco de vasoespasmo

60
Q

Recomendacoes de Hipotermia na HSA

A
  • Sem melhora no prognostico neurologico
61
Q

Na HSA, qual a importancia da monitorização neurofisiologica com EEG? (2)

A
  • Manejo da interrupcao de fluxo
  • Administracao de anestesico para reduzir TMC
62
Q

A problem specific to AVMs is the phenomenon of perfusion pressure breakthrough, or cerebral dysautoregulation.

  • O que é isso?
A
  • It is characterized by an often sudden engorgement and swelling of the brain, sometimes with a relentless cauliflower-like protrusion from the cranium.
  • It tends to occur in the advanced stages of lengthy procedures on large AVMs, or it may be the cause of otherwise unexplained postoperative swelling and hemorrhage.
63
Q

Conduta em caso de episodios de edema grave pos resseccao de MAV (4)

A
  • Hipotensao cuidadosa - risco de isquemia
  • Hipocapnia
  • Hipotermia
  • Barbituricos
64
Q

Fatores relevantes para considerar durante a intubacao de um paciente com TCE (7)

A

□ Full stomach
□ Uncertain cervical spine stability
□ Uncertain airway
□ Uncertain volume status
□ Uncooperative/combative
□ Hypoxemia
□ Increased intracranial pressure

The best approach is determined by the relative weight of these various factors along with the degree of urgency. he anesthesiologist must not be distracted by placing an excessive initial emphasis on ICP. The anesthesiologist needs to keep sight of the ABCs of resuscitation: securing the airway, guaranteeing gas exchange, and stabilizing the circulation are higher initial priorities than ICP. Do not risk losing the airway or causing severe hypotension for the sake of pre- venting coughing on the tube or brief hypertension with intubation.

65
Q

Ao se intubar um paciente com trauma e lesao cervical incerta, quais cuidados a serem tomados? (4)

A
  • Pressao Cricoide
  • Estabilizacao axial
  • Manter a parte posterior
  • Assegurar equipamento de Cricotireoidostomia e outras VAs alternativas

There is no question that in-line stabilization, properly performed, makes laryngoscopy somewhat more difficult; however, it serves to decrease the amount of atlanto-occipital extension necessary to achieve visualization of the glottis.255 This is probably because performing the laryngoscopy against the assistant’s counterpressure results in greater compression of the soft tissue structures of the tongue and floor of the mouth. Some recommend leaving the back half of the cer- vical collar in place during laryngoscopy (see Fig. 57.15) because it functions as a strut between the shoulder and the occiput and serves to further limit atlanto-occipital extension.

66
Q

Em relacao as medicacoes anestesicas, qual a abordagem da tecnica anestesica no paciente com TCE, HSD, Hematoma Epidural, HIP (4)

A
  • Succinylcholine ou Rocuronio
  • Fentanyl se permanecer intubado
  • Nao usar anestésicos inalatorios
  • Nao usar drogas que causem vasodilatacao

Although their administration frequently is consistent with acceptable ICP levels and appropriate conditions in the surgical field, when the ICP is out of con- trol (or unknown), or the surgical field is tight, omitting the inhaled anesthetics in favor of intravenous agents is appropriate.

67
Q

Qual o efeito da descompressão de HIC com alivio do tronco cerebral

A

Hipotensao subita

68
Q

Quais as principais propostas estratégicas de manejo da PPC? (3)

A
  • Edinburgh
  • Lund
  • Birmingham
69
Q

Como deve ser o manejo de fluidos no paciente com TCE

A
  • Alvo de normovolemia
  • coloides e cristaloides
70
Q

LImitacoes do PbtO₂ para guiar manejo de TCE e HSA

A
  • Pouco beneficio em desfechos
  • Informacao localizada

How-ever, PbtO2 monitors suffer from the inverse of the problem that prevails with SjvO2 monitoring: they provide very focal information about the oxygenation status of only small regions of brain surrounding the tip.

71
Q

Recomendacoes de Hipotermina no TCE

A
  • Sem beneficio nas primeiras 8h da lesao
72
Q

Principais complicacoes relacionadas ao posicionamento para procedimentos de Fossa Posterior (5)

A
  • Quadriplegia
  • Macroglossia
  • Pneumocephalo
  • Embolia Venosa Aguda
  • Embolia Arterial Paradoxal

The use of the sitting position to facilitate surgery in the posterior fossa increases the likelihood of all these phe- nomena, though they are relevant to nonsitting positions as well.

73
Q

Cuidados em cirurgias da Ponte inferior, Medula Superior e porção extra-axial do 5°NC (2)

A
  • Respostas CV - Minor brainstem manipulation resulting in stimulation of structures in red can lead to significant cardiovascular responses including hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, and tachycardia.
  • Lesao em centros respiratorios e extubacao
74
Q

Cranial nerve dysfunction, particularly of nerves ___3___ can result in loss of control and patency of the upper airway, and swelling of the brainstem can result in impair- ment of both cranial nerve function and respiratory drive.

A

IX, X, and XII,

75
Q

Spontaneous ventilation was once advocated for proce- dures that entailed a risk of damage to the respiratory cen- ters.

  • Por que a ventilacao espontanea é raramente utilizada atualmente?
A
  • The proximity of the cardiovascular and respiratory centers should permit cardiovascular signs to serve as an indicator of impending injury to the latter.
76
Q

Como é a avaliacao pre-op de tumores Pituitarios? (3)

A
  • Status visual
  • Status hormonal - sequencia: gonadotrofinas → GH → ACTH→TSH
  • Comprometimento de vasos próximos

Atentar para hipocortisolismo, hiponatremia, hipotireoidismo. Tam bem o oposto, com doenca de Cushing: hipertensao, DM, SAOS, acromegalia (lingua alargada, glote estreita).

77
Q

Cuidados durante a Tecnica Anestesica de pacientes com tumores de extensão supraselar (5)

A
  • Hidrocefalia e HIC
  • Infiltracao de epinefrina
  • Manejo do CO₂
  • Extubacao suave
  • Acumulo de secrecoes na faringe
78
Q

Sobre Diabetes Insipidus

  1. Em que momento ocorre
  2. Achados Clinicos
  3. Diagnostico
A
  1. Raramente no intraop, geralmente 12-48h pos-op
  2. Poliuria + ↑Osm serica
  3. Comparacao da Osm urinaria e serica - Hypoosmolar urine in the face of an elevated and rising serum osmolality strongly supports the diagnosis
79
Q

Tratamento de Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • Manutencao horaria de fluidos + 2/3 do debito urinario da ultima hora
  • Se > 350-400ml/h, iniciar ddAVP
80
Q

Em que situacoes a Craniotomia Acordado é recomendada? (3)

A

Tumores ou focos epilépticos próximos a:

  • Areas corticais para fala
  • Areas corticais para funcao motora
  • Estruturas témpóro-mesiais importantes para a memória a curto prazo
81
Q

Na craniectomia acordado, before the resection, most patients have undergone a Wada test, video-telemetry, or both. More recently, functional testing using MRI or positron emission tomography, or both, has also been introduced to the presurgical evaluation.

  • O que é o teste de Wada?
A
  • Anestesia seletiva do hemisferio cerebral (injecao de Amobarbital na arteria carotida) para localizar o hemisferio que controla a fala ou para confirmar que ha representação hemisférico bilateral de memória a curto-prazo
82
Q

Na craniectomia acordado, quais sao os 3 pp objetivos da tecnica anestesica

A
  1. Minimizar desconforto associado a momentos dolorosos e restricao de movimento prolongado
  2. Assegurar responsividade e participação do paciente durante fases do procedimento que necessitam de avaliacao da fala, memória, resposta motora/sensorial a estimulacao corticao
  3. Inibicao minima da atividade epileptica espontanea
83
Q

Principais métodos de sedacao para Craniectomias Acordado (3)

A
  • Propofol
  • Remifentanyl
  • Dexmedetomidina
84
Q

Principais nervos cutâneos da cabeca (7)

85
Q

Principais momentos dolorosos de cirurgia em paciente acordado: (2)

A
  • Craniectomia
  • Colocacao de pinos
86
Q

In general, after the dural opening is complete, for sei- zure-related resections, cortical surface EEG recording is performed to locate the seizure focus. If no seizure activity is observed, provocative maneuvers may be requested.

  • Quais sao as possibilidades? (5)
A
  • Metohexital
  • Etomidato
  • Alfentanyl
  • Remifentanyl
  • Hiperventilacao
87
Q

Terapias para convulsoes grande mal durante cirurgia em paciente acordado, quando nao forem autolimitadas

A
  • Salina gelada no cortex
  • Propofol
88
Q

Quais os principais alvos de estimulacao profunda do cerebro utilizado para tratar disturbios de movimento? (3)

A
  • Subthalamic nucleus,
  • Ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus (Vim),
  • Globus pallidus interna (GPi).
89
Q

Cuidados no pre-op e intra-op de procedimentos Estereotaxicos (4)

A
  1. Coagulacao - testes e interromper medicacoes
  2. Considerar intubacao acordado devido ao “stereotactic frame”
  3. Efeitos dos anestesicos nas gravações de microeletrodos e sintomas - propofol, dexmedetomidina, fentanyl
  4. Prevencao de Hipertensao - risco de hematoma cerebral devido as agulhas que atravessam o cerebro
90
Q

Qual a melhor tecnica anestesica para Trombectomia em AVEi?

A
  • AG e Monitored Controlled Anesthesia

At the present time, there is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend one anesthetic technique over another. Rather, the tech- nique employed should be based upon a rapid clinical assessment of the patient, comfort level of the anesthesiolo- gist with various techniques, and local practice

91
Q

Hyperventilation may be appropriate in an attempt to divert flow away from normal brain and toward a lesion that is intended to receive the occlusive device or material. When the interventionalist is attempting to place glue in high-flow lesions (e.g., AVMs, fistulas), the anesthesiologist may be asked to reduce systemic blood pressure to prevent glue passage into the draining veins or systemic venous system.

  • Qual a droga geralmente de escolha?
A
  • Adenosina

The choice of hypotensive agent depends on the anesthesiologist’s experience and systemic cardiovascular considerations. Adenosine, which produces temporary flow cessation, is almost certainly the most effective means of accomplishing this objective.

92
Q

No tratamento intervencionista de Aneurismas intracranianos, quais as principais complicacoes (2) e seus respectivos manejos.

A
  1. Rotura de aneurisma - reversao da heparinizacao
  2. Mau posicionamento de coils - fluidos e vasopressoers para melhorar FSC colateral, linha arterial
93
Q

Principais cuidados em relacao a Stent-Assisted Revascularization or Stent-Assisted Aneurysm Coil Embolization no pre-op e intra-op (2)

A
  1. Preparo com AAS+Clopidogrel 5-7 dias
  2. Antecipar hipotensao e bradicardia no momento do Stent
94
Q

Qual a diferenca de Hidrocefalia Comunicante e não-Comunicante?

A

In communicating hydrocephalus, the CSF escapes from the ventricular system but is not absorbed by the arachnoid villi.

95
Q

Cuidados no manejo anestésico na colocação de Shunt LCE (hidrocefalia, pseudotumor cerebri) (2)

A
  • Hiperventilacao moderada
  • Hipotensão súbita ao canular o ventrículo
96
Q

Procedimentos neurocirúrgicos mais frequentes na pediatria:

A
  • Shunts de LCE: colocacao e revisao

The majority of pediatric tumors occur in the posterior fossa. Most are near the mid- line and many are associated with hydrocephalus. For pedi- atric posterior fossa procedures, VAE risk, monitoring, and treatment are similar for adults and children and have been previously discussed. A Doppler probe and right heart cath- eters are frequently placed when procedures are done in the sitting position. Craniosynostosis procedures have the potential for substantial blood loss that is roughly propor- tional to the number of sutures involved. There is a signifi- cant VAE risk that justifies the use of a precordial Doppler

97
Q

The physiology of the spinal cord is, in general, similar to that of the brain: CO2 responsiveness, BBB, autoregula- tion, high metabolic rate and blood flow (though somewhat less than the brain), and substantial ischemic vulnerability of gray matter. However, measures to reduce spinal cord swelling, analogous to ICP reduction maneuvers, are rarely used.

  • Quais os cuidados importantes nas cirurgias de compressao medular? (3)
A
  • Linha arterial
  • PAM 85-90mmHg ou basal se lesao espinhal < 7 dias
  • Considerar IOT acordado se: instabilidade de coluna cervical ou estenose que pode agravar a compressao

Blood pressure sup- port is less important when the issue is nerve root rather than spinal cord compression. The presence of spinal ste- nosis and chronic cord compression is frequently, but not invariably, associated with lower extremity hyperreflexia and ankle clonus.