7 Neuromonitorizacao Flashcards

1
Q

A atividade elétrica do sistema nervoso avaliada predominantemente pelo índice BIS (sem considerar outros possíveis componentes, como taxa de supressão, espectrograma ou ambos), isoladamente ou em combinação com outras variáveis, como PAM e percentual da CAM, tem uma fraca associação com mortalidade (2 B).

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Monitoração da Profundidade Anestésica, 2015

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2
Q

Qual a diferenca entre Nocicepcao x Dor

A
  • Nocicepcao: transmissao de estimulo potencialmente nocivos e danoso através do sistema sensorial
  • Dor: processamento consciente das informações nociceptivas.

When the patient is unconscious under general anesthesia, the anesthesia care provider is managing nociception, whereas when the patient is awake at the end of surgery, the care provider is managing pain.

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3
Q

As loss of consciousness ensues, the lateral excursions of the eyes during smooth pursuit decrease, nystagmus may appear, blinking increases, and the eyes fix abruptly in the midline.

  • Quais reflexos oculares sao perdidos (2) e qual é preservado (1)?
A
  • Perdidos: Oculocefalico e Corneal

A resposta pupilar a luz pode permanecer intacta

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4
Q

Como é avaliado o reflexo oculocefalico?

A

The oculocephalic reflex is assessed by turning the patient’s head from side to side, while lifting the eyelids.

Before administration of the induction anesthetic, when the reflex is intact in a patient with no neurologic deficits, the eyes move in the direction opposite the motion of the head. When the reflex is lost, the eyes stay fixed in the midline.

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5
Q

Quais os circuitos necessários para que o Reflexo Oculocefalico permaneça intacto?

A
  • NC III, IV, VI e VIII

The motor nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV are located in the midbrain, whereas the nucleus of cranial nerve VI is located in the pons.

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6
Q

Como avaliar o reflexo corneal?

A
  • Algodao ou gaze no lado da olho
  • Gota de agua na corna

With either approach, the reflex is intact if the eyes blink consensually, is impaired if there is a blink in one eye and not the other, and is absent if there is no blink.

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7
Q

Quais as vias do reflexo corneal?

A
  • Aferente: nucleo sensorial do nc.V (ramo oftalmico)
  • Eferente: nucleo motor nc.VII

The nuclei for these nerves associated with the oculocephalic reflex and the corneal reflex lie in close proximity to the arousal centers in the midbrain, pons, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain

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8
Q

A perda do reflexo oculocefalico sugere o que?

A

Comprometimento dos núcleos motores dos movimentos oculares

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9
Q

A perda do reflexo corneo-palpebral (corneal) sugere o que?

A

Comprometimento dos núcleos que controlam a sensibilidade e resposta motora a sensacao dos olhos e face.

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10
Q

Na inducao anestesica, o que se pode inferir uma vez que ocorrem a perda dos reflexos corneo-palpebral e oculocefalico?

A
  • Como ocorrem junto com a perda de responsividade, o Anestesiologista pode inferir que a perda de consciência é devido (pelo menos em parte) aos efeitos dos anestésicos nos centros de despertar que se localizam próximos.
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11
Q

Apnea, which commonly occurs on induction of general anesthesia with bolus administration of a hypnotic agent, is most likely due to:

A

Efeitos inibitórios dos anestesicos nos grupos dorsais e centrais da Medula e Ponte (respectivamente)

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12
Q

A Atonia durante a inducao anestetica ocorre por inibicao de que sitios?

A

Multiplos sítios nas vias motoras entre nas areas motoras primarias e medula espinal

Os principais sítios do tronco cerebral sao os Núcleos Reticulares Medulares e Pontinos

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13
Q

Quais os principais sinais fisiológicos utilizados para verificar o estado de manutencao da Anestesia Geral? (4)

A
  • PA
  • FC
  • FR
  • Movimento
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14
Q

Como é medida a frequencia de ondas do EEG?

A

Hertz: quantas vezes a onda “vai e volta” para a linha de base em um segundo.

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15
Q

The changes in heart rate and arterial blood pressure that anesthetized patients show in response to a nocicep- tive stimulus can be explained in terms of: (3)

A

Circuito Nociceptivo-Medular-Autonomico

  • Trato espino-reticular
  • Circuitos de despertar do TE
  • Vias eferentes Simpaticas e Parassimpaticas

It is important to understand how the NMA circuit works because it is the pathway most used by anesthesi- ologists for monitoring the patient’s level of unconscious- ness and antinociception.

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16
Q

Qual a importancia do circuito Nociceptivo-Medular-Autonomico (NMA)?

A

It is the pathway most used by anesthesiologists for monitoring the patient’s level of unconscious- ness and antinociception.

The NMA circuit is the reason why anesthesiologists use increases in blood pressure and heart rate as markers of increases in nociceptive stimulation and, possibly, a level of general anesthesia that is inadequate.

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17
Q

Como se inicia o via nociceptiva?

A

Fibras A-delta e C, da periferia para a medula espinhal

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18
Q

During a surgery, the nociceptive stimulus of moving the retractor (for example) initiates an increase in sympathetic output and a decrease in parasympathetic output through the NMA circuit that rapidly results in the observed increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure.

  • Como explicar essa via?
A

The ascending nociceptive (pain) pathway begins with A-delta and C-fibers whose free nerve endings bring noci- ceptive information from the periphery to the spinal cord (see Fig. 40.1).

In the spinal cord, these fibers synapse in the dorsal horn on projection neurons that travel through the anterolateral fasciculus and synapse at multiple sites in the brainstem, including the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla.

The autonomic response to a nociceptive stimulus is initiated from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, which mediates sympathetic output through the rostral ventral lateral medulla and the caudal ventral lateral medulla to the heart and peripheral blood vessels through projections to the thoracolumbar sympathetic ganglia.

The parasympathetic output from the nucleus of the tractus solitarius is mediated through the nucleus ambiguous, which projects through the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node of the heart.

The nucleus of the tractus solitarius also projects to the periventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus.

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19
Q

Quais outros sinais, alem da PA e FC, podem ser utiizados para aferir antinocicepcao inadequada? (5)

A
  • Pupila dilatada
  • Tonus msuscular
  • Sudorese
  • Lacrimejamento
  • Movimento

Changes in muscle tone and movement are not observed if the patient is receiving a muscle relaxant.

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20
Q

The NMA circuit explains why increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure are used as a rapid indicator of an inadequate level of antinociception. If unconsciousness is sufficiently well maintained, then no EEG changes will likely be observed.

  • Quais outras possibilidades a serem consideradas alem da antinocicepcao inadequada? (4)
A
  • Sangramento
  • Hipxemia
  • Desconexao do circuito respiratorio
  • Relaxante muscular inadequado
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21
Q

O que o EEG grava?

A

It is a surface recording of the summation of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials spontaneously generated by the pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex.

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22
Q

A monitorizacao com EEG tem 4 utilidades no periop:

A
  1. identifica FSC inadequado ao cortex
  2. Guia a ↓TMC induzida pela anestesia
  3. Prediz prognostico neurologico
  4. Profundidade do estado hipnotico de paciente em AG
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23
Q

Quais os estados anestesicos e assinaturas do EEG abaixo com doses de Propofol?

A

A) Awake electroencephalogram pattern with eyes open.

B) State of paradoxical excitation.

C) Beta (13-25 Hz) oscillations frequently associated with an arousable state of sedation.

D) Slow (0.1-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), and alpha (8-12 Hz) oscillations commonly seen during unconsciousness at surgical planes.

E) Slow oscillations typically recorded during propofol induction and during deep dexmedetomidine sedation (see Fig. 40.8, D).

(F) Burst suppression, a state of profound anesthetic-induced brain inactivation, seen commonly in the elderly during normal maintenance, anesthetic-induced coma, and hypothermia.

G) Isoelectric electroencephalogram pattern commonly observed in brief periods during normal maintenance, in anesthetic- induced coma, and profound hypothermia.

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24
Q

Como interpretar as areas e cores de espectrograma?

A
  • de cima para baixo: ondas GBATD
  • Cores: vermelho: muitas ondas. Azul: poucas ondas
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25
Q

A monitoração da profundidade anestésica com o monitor BIS facilita a titulação dos anestésicos e diminui a exposição do cérebro do idoso a doses elevadas dos agentes anestésicos e, assim, pode contribuir para redução de DPO (1 A) e DCPO (2 A e 2 B).

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Monitoração da Profundidade Anestésica, 2015

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26
Q

Para a prevenção do despertar intraoperatório, o uso de monitores da atividade elétrica cerebral é sugerido para pacientes de alto risco sob anestesia geral balanceada (2 B). Para pacientes sob anestesia venosa total, uma vez que constitui fator de risco para o despertar intraoperatório, o uso da monitoração da atividade elétrica cerebral é altamente recomendado (1 A).

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

Consenso Brasileiro sobre Monitoração da Profundidade Anestésica, 2015

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27
Q

O que medimos com os monitores de profundidade anestesica?

A

Nivel de consciencia

  • Nao é o conteudo
  • Nao deve sonhar
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28
Q

O que é o padrao surto-supressão?

A

Surtos periódicos de atividade polimórfica separadas por periodos de supressão de voltagem

  • Valor normal: ZERO
  • todos os equipamentos que utilizamos no CC subestimam a taxa de supressão
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29
Q

Na AG venosa total ou inalatoria, para a prevenção do despertar, qual o alvo do BIS?

A
  • BIS: 45-60
  • Se BNM profundo: 50

Nunes RR. Monitorizacao do estado anestésico 2016. SBA

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30
Q

Quais 3 drogas o BIS pode estar elevado com o paciente inconsciente?

A

1) Ketamina

  • The dissociative anesthetic state produced by ketamine is associated with prominent high-frequency oscillations rather than slow wave oscillations. As a consequence, patients can be unconscious with ketamine but have high index values.

2) N₂O

  • The effect of nitrous oxide on the BIS index is ambiguous. Most recent studies state that nitrous oxide increases the amplitude of high-frequency EEG activity and decreases the amplitude of low-frequency EEG activity, yet it has little to no effect on the BIS index.

3) Dexmedetomidina

  • In the case of dexmedetomidine, slow oscillations and an appreciable decrease in beta oscillation power are prominent during sedation.
  • These dynamics most likely lead to BIS values that are typically in the unconscious range, even though the patient can be aroused by verbal commands or light shaking.
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31
Q

Que populações o BIS pode interpretar inadequadamente? (2)

A
  • Adultos > 60a - pacientes neste grupo tendem a ter oscilações de baixa amplitude, que podem ser interpretadas como Estado desperto ou inconsciente
  • Criancas - o BIS pode interpretar sedacao ao inves de consciência, mesmo bem anestesiadas
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32
Q

Qual o valor de BIS associado com padrao Surto-Supressao?

A

20

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33
Q

Você está anestesiando uma criança de 3 meses de idade e, apesar de eu estar fazendo o uso de sevoflurano e monitorando a concentração alveolar mínima adequadamente, optou por fazer uso também do eletroencefalograma processado, a fim de assegurar efeito anestésico adequado. Qual dos espectrogramas abaixo é esperado nessa criança:

A

A

Nas crianças entre 0 e 3 meses o espectrograma apresenta um grande predomínio de ondas δ lentas (slow-delta).

É somente a partir dos 4 meses que a SINCRONIZAÇÃO α passa a aparecer juntamente com o slow-delta. Isto posto, a COERÊNCIA (ou seja a hipersincronização) só atinge um grau razoável de maturidade em torno de UM ANO DE IDADE. Outro aspecto característico que se solidifica com um ano é descrito como ANTERIORIZAÇÃO das ondas α, o que significa dizer que esse tipo de onda passa a se concentrar nas derivações frontais, estando completamente ausente nas derivações occiptais.

O espectrograma da Criança e do jovem tem mais poder, ou seja, muito vermelho e muito amarelo. Quando a imagem fica assim quase toda azul, muito provavelmente estamos diante de um cérebro idoso.

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34
Q

Tipos de onda cerebral e qual frequencia correspondente

A

Deu Treta no AlfaBeto Grego

  • delta 1-4Hz sono profundo
  • theta 4-8Hz sonolento, mas responsivo
  • alfa 8-12Hz acordado, relaxado
  • beta 12-30Hz alerta, aceleradas
  • gama 30+Hz hiperatividade, dissociacao
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35
Q

Que informacoes o BIS analiza? (5)

A
  1. filtra e remove interferencias - EEG bruto
  2. sync fast slow - ondas de baixa frquencia, ondas de sono
  3. razao β relativa - ondas de alta frequencia, acordado
  4. Surto-Supressão
  5. Supressao Quazi
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36
Q

Qual o atraso do BIS?

A
  • 20-30segundos

Production of the index is computationally inten- sive, so that there is a 20- to 30-second lag between the time the EEG is observed and the computation of the correspond- ing BIS value.

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37
Q

The usual EEG base frequency in an awake patient is:

A

Frequencia Beta

> 13Hz

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38
Q

A identificação precoce de hemorragia intracraniana e ausência de fluxo sanguíneo cerebral, por meio da monitorização do índice bispectral (BIS), pode ser feita pela:

A. Elevação do índice e da taxa de supressão
B. Diminuição do índice e da taxa de supressão
C. Diminuição do índice e elevação da taxa de supressão
D. Elevação do índice e diminuição da taxa de supressão

A

C: Diminuicao do indice e elevacao da taxa de supressao.

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39
Q

Padrao do Espectrograma em que aparecem na transicao da fase 1 para a fase 2 do sono e qual droga pode mimetizar esse padrao?

A
  • Oscilacoes Spindle
  • Dexmedetomidina, na sedacao leve.
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40
Q

Qual a droga conforme o espectrograma abaixo e as caracteristicas (4)?

A

Sevoflurano

  • Fill in Theta
  • Slow delta
  • Hiperssincronizacao alfa
  • “Mar Vermelho”
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41
Q

Qual a droga conforme o espectrograma abaixo e as caracteristicas (3)

A

Propofol

  • Slow delta
  • Hiperssincronizacao alfa
  • “abre o mar vermelho”
  • Sem o “Fill-In Theta”

Tipico de drogas que agem no GABA

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42
Q

Qual a droga conforme o espectrograma abaixo e as caracteristicas (3)?

A

Ketamina: anestesia dissociativa, receptores NMDA

  • oscilacao delta
  • atividade beta
  • oscilacao gama
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43
Q

Quais as principais drogas que apresentam os seguintes achados no espectrograma?

  • Slow delta
  • Hiperssincronizacao alfa
A

Propofol e Sevoflurano

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44
Q

Principais causas de ondas Alfa e Delta com padrao de Burst-Suppression (surto-supressão) no BIS (3)

A
  • Anestesia profunda
  • Hipotensao
  • Hipotermia
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45
Q

O que significa a linha branca continua no Espectrograma?

A
  • SEF: frequencia de borda espectral.
  • 95% da atividade esta abaixo
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46
Q

O que significa a linha roxa continua no Espectrograma?

A
  • MF: Frequencia mediana.
  • 50% da atividade esta abaixo
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47
Q

Você está realizando anestesia venosa total com propofol + remifentanil para uma uma cirurgia de coluna. Que padrão de onda eletroencefalográfica predominando no traçado deixaria você seguro quanto a um risco muito baixo de consciência intra-operatória?

A

D

Quanto maior a profundidade anestésica, mais lento será o comportamento do eletroencefalograma. Dessa maneira, o traçado associado a menor risco de consciência entre operatória é aquele com ondas de menor frequência (mais lentas) e maior amplitude, pois a amplitude tem correlação inversa com a frequência.

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48
Q

Valor normal do EMG avaliado no BIS

A

30-55DB

  • Se alerta, pode haver despertar antes do BIS
  • Abaixo de 30 é o tonus basal do musculo.
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49
Q

O que é o SR na tela do BIS?

A
  • Taxa de Supressão
  • Porcentagem de tempo surprimido no ultimo minuto
  • A meta é zero, mas pode ser que com um bolus de hipnotico em um paciente mais frágil, isso possa ocorrer.
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50
Q

O que é o ST na tela do BIS?

A

Tempo total suprimido

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51
Q

Quais as drogas mais prováveis conforme o espectrograma abaixo?

A
  1. Sevoflurano - inalatorios em doses altas
  2. Dexmedetomidina - sono fisiologico
  3. Ketamina - anestesia dissociativa
  4. Propofol - mar vermelho aberto
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52
Q

Que padrao de onda eletroencefalografica é mais provavel de ser encontrado quando o paciente esta sob efeito de Ketamina?

A

Ondas de baixa amplitude e alta frequencia, pp ondas beta e gama

  • Resposta: D
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53
Q

Quais outros monitores sao alternativas ao BIS? (4)

A
  • PSI - Patient Safety Index
  • Narcotrend
  • Entropy
  • CAM expirada

*Like the BIS, PSI, and Narcotrend, the Entropy scores correlate with anesthetic state. *

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54
Q

A CAM é uma maneira indireta de mensurar o estado anestesico. Qual o problema desta abordagem?

A
  • Provavel overdose de alguns pacientes para a prevenida do despertar
55
Q

Qual metodo é a referencia quando se quer entender a eficacia de novos métodos que refletem a extracao de oxigenio cerebral?

A

Saturacao de Bulbo Jugular

  • VN: 55-75, se maior ou menor, tentar entender o contexto clinico do paciente
  • Monitor da oxigenacao global do cerebro, mesmo se estiver na direita (geralmente cortical, dominante) ou esquerda (subcortical, subdominante)
56
Q

Como funciona o NIRS?

A
  • Emissiao de luz proxima ao espectro vermelho, em 2 ângulos
  • Le sangue não-pulsátil (nao separa venoso e arterial).

Proporção Venoso:Arterial de 70:30

  • Presume 85% tecido cortical e 15% Tecido Extracerebral
57
Q

Quando pensar em uma dessaturacao no NIRS? (2)

A
  • < 50% : sempre baixo
  • Queda de 20% do valor inicial - O mais importante é a tendenica
58
Q

Avaliando a arteria cerebral media através do Doppler Transcraniano, que padrao é compatível com um quadro grave de HIC?

A

Resposta: D

  • A: normal
  • B: vasoespasmo
  • C: Fluxo ausente - obstrucao total por coagulo ou embolo
  • D: HIC grave
59
Q

Qual modo de USG mede o fluxo da arteria cerebral media e em que regiao posicionar o probe?

A
  • Doppler de baixa frequencia
  • Regiao temporal
60
Q

Quais as fases do Doppler Transcraniano de ACM? (4)

A
  • Fase Sistolica
  • Fase Diastolica
  • Pico Sistolico
  • Vel media

Nem sempre ha 2 picos como na a. radial, pela baixa resistencia ao fluxo

61
Q

Principais características de um Doppler TC de ACM normal (3)

A
  • Fluxo sempre positivo
  • Fluxo diastólica
  • Velocidade media normal (45-85cm/seg)
62
Q

Como seria um fluxo sanguineo no Doppler TC da ACM abaixo?

A
  • Vasoconstriccao, Vasoespasmo
  • vence a resistencia apenas na sistole
  • Principio de Venturi

Laudo:

  • Fluxo sempre positivo
  • Pico de fluxo alto
  • Velocidade media alta
  • Indice de pulsatilidade alto (diferencia entre a velocidade max da sístole e diastole)

O Princípio de Venturi diz que, quando um fluido passa por uma região estreitada (como uma artéria com vasoespasmo), sua velocidade aumenta e a pressão local diminui.

63
Q

O que é o principio de Venturi?

A

O mesmo volume de fluido que passa por um uma porção mais estreita de um circuito apresenta um fluxo acelerado.

A ideia principal é que, no contexto do Doppler transcraniano, o aumento da velocidade do fluxo é um indicativo de vasoespasmo, e a repercussão hemodinâmica pode levar a hipoperfusão distal, o que é um fator de risco para isquemia cerebral.

64
Q

Como seria um fluxo sanguineo no Doppler TC da ACM abaixo?

A
  • Fluxo apenas na sistole
  • Diastole zero
  • PIC elevada

PIC = PAd.

65
Q

Como seria um fluxo sanguineo no Doppler TC da ACM abaixo?

A
  • Fluxo apenas na sistole
  • Diastole reversa, fluxo negativo
  • PIC elevada

PIC > PAd.

  • Reversao diastolica
  • Se mantida, evolui para espiculas sistolicas - a PIC esta elevada e comprime completamente a arteria na fase diastolica
66
Q

Qual o nome da alteracao encontrada abaixo no centro?

A

Characteristic sleep spindles In normal sleep are shown in the center.

67
Q

One of the most important principles of recording SERs (Sensory-Evoked Responses) intraoperatively is that reproducible, reliable tracings must be obtained at baseline before any intervention likely to cause changes in the evoked response.

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

68
Q

Como sao gravados os Potenciais Evocados Somatosensoriais (SSEPs)?

A

SSEPs are recorded after electric stimulation of a peripheral mixed nerve using needles or surface gel electrodes.

69
Q

Qual o teste executado abaixo?

A

Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Cerebral

70
Q

The use of the EEG as a moni- tor of the adequacy of hemispheric blood flow during carotid endarterectomy has been established for many years.

  • Por que o seu uso é controverso na Endarterectomia Carotidea? (3)
A
  • AVEs sao infrequentes na cirurgia vascular de carotida
  • A maioria é causadoa por embolia, que pode nao ser tratada adequadamente apenas com ↑FSC
  • Dificuldade de interpretação de “falsos-negativos*

Fig. 39.13 Hemispheric ischemia after clamping of the internal carotid artery. The top panel shows three channels of electroencephalogram (EEG) for each hemisphere. The right-sided channels (bottom three tracings) show nearly suppressed EEG activity due to ischemia. The bottom panel shows the corresponding density spectral array, where EEG power in each frequency is coded in color, with red indicating greater power. The oldest data is at the top of each field and the most recent at the bottom. The lower row of three density spectral array (DSA) panels corresponds to the right-sided EEG leads. Halfway through the panel there is a dramatic reduction in EEG power after clamp placement. The bottom spectrum corresponds to the raw EEG shown tracings shown in the top panel. (Image courtesy of Reza Gorji, MD.)

71
Q

Como interromper convulso por estimulacao cortical em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias quando acordado? (3)

A
  • Salina Gelada local
  • Barbituricos
  • Propofol
72
Q

Quais os principais monitores utilizados para cirurgias intracranianas Supratentoriais não-vasculares? (3)

A
  • Paciente acordado
  • EEG
  • Potenciais evocados somatossensoriais - SSEP
73
Q

Quais os principais monitores utilizados para cirurgias de Fossa Posterior? (4)

A
  • Potenciais evocados Auditivos de Tronco Cerebral
  • Monitor de Nervos Cranianos
  • Potenciais evocados somatossensoriais - SSEP
  • Potenciais motores evocados
74
Q

Qual o tumor mais comum no angulo cerebelo-pontino, qual a principal preocupação de sua resseccao e monitorizacao?

A

Schwannoma de Nervo Vestibular

  • Trajeto comum ao nervo facial
  • Risco de perda auditiva e paralisia facial

Monitorizar com:

  • PEATC
  • EMG espontanea e estimulada - para o n. facial

Sharp section of the nerve may elicit no discharge, and neuromuscular blockade may eliminate the ability to monitor. If the course of the nerve is displaced by the tumor, the surgeon can map its course with a hand- held stimulator and real-time auditory feedback.

75
Q

Global well-being of the brainstem may be monitored by combining multiple modalities of evoked potentials, such as BAEPs, SSEPs, and MEPs. Each modality monitors a function whose integrity would be con- sidered important in its own right for the functional outcome of an individual patient.

  • Qual a limitaçao desta abordagem?
A
  • Ainda assim deixa areas importantes nao monitorizadas.

Given that perfusion occurs through perforating vessels, it is easy to see that monitoring may indi- cate that all is well or, more likely, that a therapeutic inter- vention was helpful in restoring function, when clinically the patient is still left with a significant deficit. This occur- rence invalidates neither monitoring nor the therapeutic intervention, but indicates only that the monitored pathway was not located in an area at risk from the surgical proce- dure. Because of such obligatory “false-negative” results, few studies address the utility of such monitoring. Given that each individual monitoring modality comes with its own constraints, such an approach typically requires a dedicated neurophysiologist for interpretation and troubleshooting.

76
Q

Quais os principais monitores utilizados para cirurgias de Coluna? (4)

A
  • Potencial evocado somatossensorial - SSEP
  • MEP
  • Eletromiograma
  • Reflexo bulbocavernoso
77
Q

Como testar o reflexo corneo-palpebral?

A
  • Utilizar uma gaze ou algodão para se fazer um leve estímulo tocando a córnea do paciente, sem causar injúria. Quando presente, a resposta é de defesa, com fechamento ocular.

O reflexo córneo-palpebral tem como via aferente o nervo trigêmeo (NC V), com seus núcleos localizados na ponte e sua via eferente é o nervo facial, de mesma localização.

78
Q

Em cirurgias da coluna e apos dano agudo na medula espinhal, as alteracoes sensoriais e motoras geralmente se correlacionam bem.

Entretanto, em pacientes com disfuncao neurológica apos Cirurgia Vascular em Ao Toracica apresentam quais funções preservadas quando ocorre dano motor e sensorial?

A
  • Funcao espinhal posterior (propriocepcao, vibração, toque leve)
79
Q

Quais os principais monitores utilizados para cirurgias em Nervos Perifericos? (2)

A
  • Eletromiograma
  • Potencial de acao do nervo
80
Q

Quais os principais desafios da neuromonitorizacao intraoperatoria em pacientes pediátricos? (2)

A
  • Imaturidade do SNC
  • Mielinizacao incompleta de tratos sensoriais ou motores específicos
81
Q

Existe alguma monitorizacao neurologica utilizada em Bypass Cardio-Pulmonar?

A

Based on current information, no neurologic monitoring techniques, either alone or in combination, are clearly useful in improving outcome during surgical procedures requiring CPB (Cardio Pulmonary Bypass)

82
Q

Quais monitores podem detectar isquemia cerebral na UTI? (3)

A
  • SjvO₂
  • Pbr-O₂
  • USG Doppler Transcraniano

None of the monitors is considered “standard of care.” As with all monitors, the impact of the monitor on outcome depends on the quality of the therapeutic interventions that result from integration of the additional data into the clinical management of a given patient.

* Pbr-O₂: brain tissue oxygen pressure

83
Q

Apos quanto tempo de lesao cerebral o EEG pode fazer prognostico neurológico?

A
  • > 24h do insulto

More than 24 hours after the insult, spontaneous sustained burst suppression correlates strongly with severe irreversible brain injury. Absence of EEG variabil- ity portends a high likelihood of persistent vegetative state or death, whereas spontaneous variability, reactivity to external stimuli, and typical sleep patterns are associated with more favorable outcomes.

84
Q

Principais testes na UTI para avaliar pacientes comatosos (2)

A
  • EEG
  • Potencial evocado somatossensorial - SSEP
85
Q

TCD ultrasound also has been used in the intensive care unit as an aid to the diagnosis of brain death.

  • Quais os achados? (4)
A
  • Pulsatilidade elevada
  • Acentuacao do pico sistolico
  • ↓fluxo diastólica
  • Fluxo “To-And-Fro”
86
Q

Efeitos de anestesicos inalatorios ou EV em doses subanestesicas no EEG (2)

A
  • ↑atividade β frontal
  • abole atividade 𝛂 occipital

Inalatorios, barbiturico, etomidato, propofol, bdz.

87
Q

Some anesthetic drugs suppress EEG activity totally (see Table 39.3). Other anesthetic drugs never produce burst suppression or an isoelectric EEG, despite increasing dose.

  • Por que? (2)
A
  • Incapazes de suprimir EEG (opioides, bdz)
  • Toxicidade cardiovascular (Halotano)
88
Q

Qual o padrao do EEG caracteristico da Ketamina

A
  • Atividade Theta frontalmente dominante, ritmica, de alta-amplitude.
  • Doses mais elevadas produzem atividade Delta poliformica de muito elevada amplitude espassada com atividade Beta de baixa-amplitude
89
Q

Qual o efeito da administracao de doses progressivas de drogas anestesicas?

A

As the patient loses consciousness, characteristic frontal spindles are seen (see Fig. 39.18B), which are replaced by polymorphic 1- to 3-Hz activity (see Fig. 39.18C) as the drug dose is increased. Further increases in dose result in lengthening periods of suppression interspersed with periods of activity (burst sup- pression). With a very high dose, EEG silence results.

Fig. 39.18 Electroencephalogram effects of intravenous administration of thiopental in humans. (A) Rapid activity. (B) Barbiturate spindles. (C) Slow waves. and (D) Burst suppression. (From Clark DL, Rosner BS. Neurophysiologic effects of general anesthetics. Anesthesiology. 1973;38:564.)

90
Q

All of these drugs have been reported to cause epileptiform activity in humans, but epileptiform activity is clinically signifi- cant only after methohexital and etomidate when given in subhypnotic doses.

  • Quais as drogas? (3)
A
  • Barbituricos
  • Propofol
  • Etomidato
91
Q

Efeito dos opioides no EEG

A
  • Opioids generally produce a dose-related decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude of the EEG.
  • Complete suppression of the EEG can- not be obtained with opioids.
92
Q

Qual opioide utilizado para induzir convulsões?

A

Alfentanil

93
Q

Como é o EEG na sedacao com Dexmedetomedina?

A

Padres similares aqueles no sono humano normal, com ↑atividade de ondas-lentas e Sleep-Spindles proeminentes

Burst suppression or an isoelectric EEG pattern cannot be produced even with high doses of the drug. Level of sedation with dexmedetomidine can be effectively monitored using processed EEG parameters and has been reported using BIS and entropy techniques

94
Q

Como é o EEG do N₂O se usado puro ou combinado com outro anestesico?

A
  • Puro: ↓amplitude e frequencia do ritmo 𝛂 no occipital dominante, seguido o frontal dominante
  • When nitrous oxide is used in combination with other agents, it increases the effects that would be associated with the agent alone clinically and with respect to the EEG pattern seen.
95
Q

Como é o EEG do Iso, Sevo e Desflurano? (4)

A
  • inicialmente ativa EEG
  • Progressivamente lentifica
  • MAC > 1.5: periodos de supressao
  • MAC >2-2.5: silencio elertico

Isolated epileptiform patterns sometimes can be seen during intersuppression activity at 1.5 to 2 MAC isoflurane

96
Q

Clinical studies have shown that the EEG effects of inhaled anesthetic drugs are influenced by age and baseline EEG characteristics.

Older patients and patients with EEG slowing at baseline were more sensitive to the EEG effects of: (2)

A
  • Isoflurane
  • Desflurane
97
Q

Quais os 3 principios para escolher a Tecnica Anestesica durante procedimentos em que Respostas Evocadas Sensoriais sao monitoradas?

A
  1. Drogas IV etem efeito menor
  2. Combinacao de drogas produz efeitos “Aditivos”
  3. RES Subcorticais (espinhais e tronco) sao muito resistentes a drogas anestesicas: a tecnica anestesica nao é importante
98
Q

The volatile anesthetics isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflu- rane, enflurane, and halothane have similar effects in differ- ing degrees on all types of SERs.

  • Qual a Resposta Sensorial Evocada mais sensível e qual o mais resistente?
A
  • S: Potencial Evocado Visual
  • R: Potencial evocado Auditorio de Tronco Cerebral

Spinal and subcor- tical SSEP responses are significantly less affected than cor- tical potentials.

VEPs + BAEPs

99
Q

Qual o efeito dos AI no Potencial evocado Auditorio de Tronco Cerebral?

A
  • ↑Latencia
  • Sem efeito significativo na amplitude
100
Q

Quais os efeitos do Isoflurano no Potencial Auditivo Evocado abaixo?

A
  • Latencia dos picos III-IV-V aumentados em 1%, mas estabilizados conforme a profundidade anestesica
101
Q

Qual o efeito do Propofol em doses típicas para AG nas Respostas Sensoriais Evocadas?

A
  • Efeitos mínimos na latencia e amplitude

At typical clinical doses required for general anesthesia, propofol has minimal effects on somatosensory- evoked responses recorded along the somatosensory pathway up to the early cortical potentials

102
Q

Efeito de barbituricios em doses típicas para AG nas Respostas Sensoriais Evocadas?

A

Increasing doses of thiopental in patients result in progressive dose-dependent increases in latency, decreases in amplitude of SSEPs, and progressive increases in latency of wave V in BAEPs. The changes in SSEPs are more pronounced than the changes in BAEPs, and waveforms beyond the initial primary cortical response are quickly obliterated.

This finding is consistent with the theories tha tbarbiturates affect synaptic transmission more than axonal conduction.

103
Q

Efeito de barbituricios em doses elevadas e “protetoras” nas Respostas Sensoriais Evocadas?

A

At doses of thiopental far greater than doses producing an isoelectric EEG, adequate monitoring of early cortical and subcortical SSEPs and BAEPs was preserved

104
Q

Efeito do Etomidato nos Potenciais Evocados Somato-Sensoriais

A
  • ↑Latencia
  • ↑Amplitude cortical

This effect may be due to an alteration in the balance of inhibitory and excitatory influences or an increase in the irritability of the CNS.

105
Q

Vantagens do Etomidato nos PESS

A

Etomidate infusions have been used to enhance SSEP recording in patients when it was impossible to obtain reproducible responses at the beginning of intra- operative monitoring because of the pathology

106
Q

Efeito dos Opioides nos Potenciais Evocados Somato-Sensoriais

A
  • pouco efeito, dose dependente
  • Clinicamente insignificante em doses habituais

Opioid-induced changes must be taken into account, however, when evaluating the recordings. Large intravenous bolus administration of opioids should be avoided at times of potential surgical compromise to neu- rologic function to prevent confusing the interpretation of SEP changes if they develop.

107
Q

Tecnica anestetica recomendada para monitorizacao de Potenciais Evocados Motores

A
  • TIVA

Fig. 39.25 shows the dramatic effect of introduc- tion of 0.3 MAC isoflurane to a total intravenous technique using propofol and remifentanil.

Fig. 39.25 (A) Transcranial electrical motor-evoked potential recording showing surgically induced change during spine surgery (scoliosis repair). (B) Motor-evoked potential with an anesthetic-induced change. Note similarity of the change pattern, except that in the anesthetic-induced change, the responses in the upper extremity also changed. Left-sided and right-sided responses are shown on the corresponding panel. A single upper extremity response is shown (top tracing) in each panel. Responses from four muscle groups in each lower extremity are shown directly below. Ant tib, M tibialis anterior; gast, m gastrocnemius; L, left; quad, m quadriceps femoris; R, right; then, thenar.

108
Q

Efeitos da Hipoxemia no EEG

A
  • Inicialmente é compensada, sem efeito
  • Lentificacao, frequencies baixas
109
Q

Efeitos da Hipotensao no EEG

A
  • Similar a isquemia

EEG changes are not very pronounced and are bilateral.

EEG changes associated with hypotension can be detected, but when the hypotension is induced slowly and associated with changes in anesthetic drugs (e.g., use of isoflurane to reduce blood pressure), the changes are very difficult to interpret.

110
Q

Efeitos da Hipotermia no EEG

A

Complete EEG suppression usually develops at 15°C to 18°C.

111
Q

Efeitos da Hypercarbia and Hypocarbia no EEG

A
  • Hipo: isquemia, convulsoes
  • Hiper: efeitos indiretos pelo ↑FSC
112
Q

Rapid decreases in arterial blood pressure to levels above the lower limit of autoregulation also have been associated with transient SSEP changes of decreased amplitude that resolve after several min- utes of continued hypotension at the same level.

Reversible SSEP changes at systemic pressures within the normal range have been observed in patients undergoing spinal distraction during scoliosis surgery. These changes resolved with increases of systemic arterial blood pressure to slightly higher than the patient’s normal pressure, suggesting that the combination of surgical manipulation with levels of hypotension generally considered “safe” could result in spinal cord ischemia.

  • V ou F
A

Verdadeiro

113
Q

TABLE 39.5

CURRENT PRACTICES IN NEUROLOGIC MONITORING

APENAS LEITURA

114
Q

General anesthesia is a drug-induced reversible condition composed of four behavioral and physiologic states:

A
  • Anti-nocicepcao
  • Inconsciencia
  • Amnesia
  • Imobilidade

(…) and stability of the physiologic systems, including the auto- nomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregula- tory systems

115
Q

The lack of any mechanistic relationship between the values of the EEG-based index and level of consciousness is due to imprecision in the definition of the indices, in that many different anesthetic states are presumed to map to the same index value. Friedman and colleagues and Joiner and colleagues found that neural inertia can play a role with inhaled anesthetics.

  • O que é o conceito de inércia neural?
A

Neural inertia is the extent to which equal brain concentrations of anesthetic on induction and emergence often yield different behavioral states. In other words, the history of the brain states helps determine arousability.

116
Q

The state of the patient during emergence from gen- eral anesthesia can be tracked reliably by monitoring the patient’s physiologic signs and performing neurologic examinations.1 Many of these physiologic changes relate to the return of _______.

A

Brainstem function

117
Q

Return of spontaneous breathing is a distinct indi- cator of return of function in the ___1___ and ___2___, as these are the locations of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, respectively

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Ponte inferior
118
Q

Swallowing, gagging, and coughing represent return of the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves:

A
  • IX
  • X

Cranial nerves IX and X located in the medulla and the sensory afferent of these nerves arising from the trachea, larynx, and pharynx.

These physiologic signs appear because with the progressive decrease in the hypnotic and antinociceptive effects of the anesthetics, the endotracheal tube becomes a progressively more nox- ious stimulus.

119
Q

No despertar anestésico, a salivacao reflete o retorno dos (2)

A
  • nucleo salivatório inferior, na medula
  • nucleo salivatório superior, na ponte

Both are part of the parasympathetic nervous system. The efferent pathways from these nuclei travel in cranial nerves VII and IX, respectively.

120
Q

No despertar anestésico, o lacrimejamento reflete o retorno do:

A
  • nucleo salivatório superior, na ponte
121
Q

No despertar anestésico, as caretas refletem o retorno dos (2)

A
  • Nucleo motor do nv.VII, na ponte
122
Q

No despertar, o retorno dos reflexos oculocefalico e corneal sao evidencias indiretas da possivel recuperacao de que regiões?

A
  • Ponte, Mesencefalo, Hipotalamo e Prosencéfalo Basal
123
Q

Principais caracteristicas da fase 1 de Despertar da Anestesia Geral (4)

A
  • Cessation of anesthetic drugs
  • Reversal of peripheral-muscle relaxation (akinesis)
  • Transition from apnea to irregular breathing to regular breathing
  • Increased alpha and beta activity on EEG
124
Q

Principais caracteristicas da fase 2 de Despertar da Anestesia Geral (10)

A
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Return of autonomic responsiveness
  • Responsiveness to painful stimulation
  • Salivation (CN VII and IX nuclei)
  • Tearing (CN VII nuclei)
  • Grimacing (CN V and VII nuclei)
  • Swallowing, gagging, coughing (CN IX and X nuclei)
  • Return of muscle tone (spinal cord, reticulospinal tract, basal ganglia, and primary motor tracts)
  • Defensive posturing
  • Further increase in alpha and beta activity on EEG

Extubation possible

125
Q

Principais caracteristicas da fase 3 de Despertar da Anestesia Geral (3)

A
  • Eye opening
  • Responses to some oral commands
  • Awake patterns on EEG

Extubation possible

126
Q

Behavioral and electroencephalogram dynamics of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol.

  • Quais alteracoes ocorrem antes de LOC e depois de ROC?
  • Quais alteracoes ocorrem junto com com LOC e ROC?
A
  • Changes in broad-band gamma/beta power occur with the behavioral changes before LOC and after ROC,
  • Changes in slow and alpha power occur with LOC and ROC.
127
Q

Quais as assinaturas abaixo?

A

A. Dexmedetomidina (sedacao leve)
B. Dexmedetomidina (sedacao profunda)
C. Sevoflurano

Time-domain and spectral electroencephalogram (EEG) signatures of common anesthetics.

The left column shows a 10-second time domain (unprocessed) segment of the EEG for each anesthetic. The right column shows several minutes of the spectrogram (density spectral array) computed from the EEG for each anesthetic. (A) The dexmedetomidine EEG and spectrogram for light sedation shows spindle (9-15 Hz) oscillations, and the slow (0.1-1 Hz) oscillations, and delta (1-4 Hz) oscillations similar to the EEG patterns observed in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep stage 2. The spindle is apparent in the unprocessed EEG trace (red underscore). The spindles are intermittent and have less intensity than the alpha oscilla- tions observed with propofol.

(B) The EEG and spectrogram for deep dexmedetomidine sedation can be associated with an absence of spindles and a predominance of slow and delta waves similar to the slow waves seen in NREM sleep stage 3, termed slow-wave sleep. (C) The sevoflurane spectrogram is similar to propofol with the addition of oscillatory activity in the theta band from 4 to 8 Hz.

128
Q

Nitrous oxide has a highly distinctive EEG dynamic.

  • Como essa dinamica pode ajudar no despertar de outro AI, como o Isoflurano?
A
  • When nitrous oxide is administered at high doses (greater than 50%), it produces large slow-delta oscillations that last from 3 to 12 minutes before converting to high-frequency gamma oscillations

Why the slow-delta oscillations are transient is unknown.

Nitrous oxide is known to act by blocking NMDA glutamate receptors. It is likely that the slow-delta oscillations reflect a transient profound state of unconsciousness most likely mediated through inactivation of key NMDA gluta- mate projections from the parabrachial nucleus and from the median pontine reticular formation into the central thalamus and basal forebrain

129
Q

Quais as drogas utilizadas e como interpretar a assinatura abaixo?

A

Spectrogram displays of nitrous oxide-induced slow-delta and beta-gamma oscillations.

A) To facilitate emergence, a patient maintained on a mixture of 0.5% isoflurane and 58% oxygen at 3 L/min was changed to 75% nitrous oxide and 24% oxygen at 7 L/min.

  • Between minutes 83 and 85 the slow-delta, theta, and alpha oscillation power decreased.
  • The beta and theta band power appreciably decreased whereas the slow-delta oscillation power substantially increased beginning at minute 86.
  • By minute 90 the slow-delta oscillation power has noticeably decreased, and beta- gamma oscillations begin to appear.

B) Electroencephalogram traces of the slow-delta oscillations recorded at minute 86.7 and the beta-gamma oscil- lations recorded at minute 90.8. Each trace is 10s.

130
Q

Vantagem do Espectrograma em relacao ao EEG

A
  • Espetrograma avalia o Anestesico conforme as suas propriedades e assinatura

Using the spectrogram to monitor brain function under general anesthesia and sedation is fundamentally different from using EEG-based indices that are predicated on the assumption that different anesthetics can create the same anesthetic state irrespective of mechanism

131
Q

Quais as 3 principais mudanças na assinatura do EEG do propofol conforme a idade?

A
  1. Criancas 0-3 meses mostram apenas oscilações Slow-Delta (assim como qualquer droga GABAergica)
  2. Oscilacoes Slow-delta e Alfa nao aparecem juntas ate os primeiros 4 meses.
  3. As oscilacoes alfa se tornam coerentes e mostram anteriorizarão especifica da frequencia alfa em torno 1a.

Coherence means the oscillations are highly synchronized, whereas anterior- ization means that the oscillations are predominant in the frontal EEG leads and completely absent in the occipital leads.

132
Q

O que significa “Coerência” no EEG

A
  • Oscilacoes altamente sincronizadas
133
Q

No desenvolvimento de crianca e adulto, o poder total do espectrograma aumenta e cai com quais idades?

A
  • aumenta dos 0 ate 6-8a
  • Declina a cada ano de idade após

We conjecture that these differences in oscillatory dynamics induced by propofol reflect between - individual variation in normal brain aging.

134
Q

Como interpretar os gráficos abaixo?

A

We conjecture that these differences in oscillatory dynamics induced by propofol reflect between - individual variation in normal brain aging.

Spectral electroencephalogram signatures of propofol as a function of age. Each panel is a 10-minute segment recorded from a patient receiving a propofol infusion as the primary anesthetic to maintain unconsciousness. The spectral power in all of the panels are plotted on the same decibel scale. (A) A 2-month-old patient. (B) A 3-month-old patient. (C) A 4-month-old patient. (D) A 3-year-old patient. (E) A 14-year-old patient. (F) A 30-year-old patient. (G) A 57-year-old patient. (H) A 56-year-old patient. (I) An 81-year-old patient. Children less than 4 months of age show only slow- delta oscillations. Alpha oscillations appear at 4 months of age. Although children greater than 4 months of age and adults from 18 to 55 years of age show both slow-delta and alpha oscillation patterns under propofol, the frequency range of the alpha oscillations and the power content changes with age. Elderly patients often have a noticeable decrease in or absence of alpha oscillations.