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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Ruminant Top 15 Small Ruminant Diseases - Part 1 > Flashcards

Ruminant Top 15 Small Ruminant Diseases - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what lesions are typically seen with orf virus in small ruminants? what location?

A

usually in young/newly introduced animals - painful papules, vesicles, pustules, & crusts at mucocutaneous junction of lips

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2
Q

what other additional locations can lesions from orf virus be seen?

A

around erupting incisor teeth, buccal mucosa, anorexia, coronary bands causing lameness, & sometmes, perineum, eyes, & ears

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3
Q

what is another name for orf virus?

A

contagious ecthyma

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4
Q

other than the skin lesions, what other clinical signs may be seen with orf virus in small ruminants?

A

weight loss due to poor appetite & gangrenous mastitis in ewes

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5
Q

what is the etiology of orf virus?

A

parapox virus

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6
Q

how is orf virus diagnosed?

A

history, exam, & pcr/electron microscopy

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7
Q

what is the typical course of orf virus?

A

1-4 weeks

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8
Q

T/F: orf virus usually heals without any scars

A

TRUE

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9
Q

T/F: there is a high resistance to reinfection of orf virus after recovery

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what treatment is used for small ruminants with orf virus?

A

abx (topical or parenteral for secondary infections), supportive care, & larvicides/repellants to prevent larval screw worm myiasis

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11
Q

what is the risk posed by orf virus?

A

zoonotic, very contagious with direct contact by affected animals

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12
Q

how is vaccination used to prevent disease from orf virus? when should it not be used?

A

effective when given during an outbreak - don’t vaccinate on orf-free farms because vaccine can cause disease

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13
Q

T/F: orf virus is more severe in goats than sheep but lesson common in goats

A

TRUE

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14
Q

how is orf virus prevented?

A

isolate or cull affected animals & then vaccinate the rest

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15
Q

what is another name for bloody scours in small ruminants?

A

enterotoxemia type c

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16
Q

what is the classic case presentation of bloody scours in small ruminants?

A

bloody diarrhea in kids/lambs, anorexia, lethargy, gi pain, seizures, opisthotonus, ataxia, & peracute death without any premonitory signs

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17
Q

what are other names for enterotoxemia type d?

A

pulpky kidney & overeating disease

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18
Q

what is the classic case presentation of enterotoxemia type d?

A

affects largest, fastest growing lambs (less commonly in kids), anorexia, lethargy, gi pain, seizures, opisthotonus, ataxia, & peracute death without premonitory signs

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19
Q

what is the classic case presentation of tetanus in small ruminants?

A

history of wound 10-14 days prior, stiffness that often starts in masseter muscles, generalized stiffness (sawhorse stance), tachypnea, tachycardia, sweating, hyper-reflexive, normal consciousness, & respiratory paralysis that leads to death

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20
Q

what is the etiology of tetanus in small ruminants?

A

c. tetani neurotoxin

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21
Q

what is the etiology of enterotoxemia types c & d?

A

type c: beta toxin causes severe intestinal damage & type d: epsilon toxin

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22
Q

what is seen on necropsy in small ruminants that died from type d enterotoxemia?

A

rapid, post mortem renal autolysis & hemorrhagic ulcerative enteritis

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23
Q

how are enterotoxemias in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

gi content smears include large numbers of gram positive rods, toxin ID using PCR or ELISA on intestinal fluid

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24
Q

how is tetanus diagnosed in small ruminants?

A

gram positive bacteria seen in smear from wound

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25
Q

how are enterotoxemias in small ruminants prevented?

A

type c: good udder hygiene & vaccination, type d: minimize rapid feed changes & vaccinate

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26
Q

how is enterotoxemia type c treated?

A

rarely successful - hyperimmune serum & oral abx likely better for at risk herd mates

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27
Q

how is tetanus in small ruminants treated?

A

rarely done, supportive care

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28
Q

what are some additional causes that lead to enterotoxemia types c & d in small ruminants?

A

type c due to drinking too much milk/indigestion, type d due to overeating more common in sheep especially lambs under 2 weeks old or weaned on feed lots/lush pasture

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29
Q

what animals are most often affected by enterotoxemia type d?

A

sheep more common than goats - especially lambs

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30
Q

what is the pathophysiology of tetanus?

A

sporulates in anaerobic necrotic tissue & produces a neurotoxin which causes spasmodic, tonic muscle contractions

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31
Q

T/F: c. perfringens is normally present in small numbers in the gi tracts of small ruminants

A

TRUE

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32
Q

what is the classic case of gastrointestinal parasitism in small ruminants?

A

weight loss, diarrhea, anemia, bottle jaw, generalized weakness, poor coat, decreased milk production, wool break, & death

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33
Q

what are the most common gi parasites affecting small ruminants?

A

eimeria (host species specific), ostertagia, trichostrongylus, & haemonchus contortus

34
Q

how is a diagnosis of coccidosis made in small ruminants?

A

more than 20,000 oocysts/g of feces on a FEC

35
Q

how is a fecal egg count used to diagnose gi parasites in small ruminants?

A

not very sensitive - need to do before & after treatment

36
Q

how is teladorsagia infection diagnosed in small ruminants?

A

increased plasma pepsinogen levels

37
Q

how is a FAMACHA score used for small ruminants?

A

sensitive indicator of anemia from haemonchus - compare inferior palpebral conjunctiva with FAMACHA card on a scale of 1-5 (normal to very anemic)

38
Q

how is treatment for gi parasits determined in small ruminants?

A

only treat affected animals to help slow anthelmintic resistance - using targeted selected treatment (FEC/FAMACHA to determine need) & timed based on knowlegde of season & parasite life cycle

39
Q

how is coccidiosis in sheep treated?

A

treatment is ineffective once diagnosed in in sheep - reduceseverity with toltrazuril, diclazuril, or sulfaquinoxaline

40
Q

how is coccidiosis in sheep prevented?

A

minimize stress, crowding, severe weathing, & prophylactic coccidiostats for 28 days after lambs are introduced to a new environment (monensin)

41
Q

why is a periparturient rise in egg counts of gi parasites seen in sheep? how is this addressed?

A

decreased immunity

42
Q

how is gi parasitism in small ruminants prevented?

A

rotational grazing (alternate pastures with cows & horses), don’t overgrze/overcrowd pastures, & maintain a good plane of nutrition

43
Q

how are gi parasites transmitted?

A

fecal oral - eggs shed in feces & mature into L3 which are ingested by the host, tissue migration, & maturation in gi tract to pass eggs into feces

44
Q

what small ruminant gi parasites are more common in cooler winter/rainfall? what is the pathophysiology?

A

t. circumcincta & trichostongylus - enteritis & decreased nutrient absorption

45
Q

what small ruminant gi parasite is most common in tropical/subtropical climates? what clinical signs does it cause?

A

haemonchus - does not cause diarrhea alone, anemia!!!!!!

46
Q

what clinical signs are seen with an internal infection caused by caseous lymphadenitis?

A

weight loss, poor doer, thin ewe syndrome - specific signs based on organs affected

47
Q

what is the classic case presentation of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants?

A

peripheral lymph node abscesses (submandibular, parotid, prescapular, & prefemoral), once draining, odorless creamy (goats) to caseous purulent (sheep) discharge, heals with a scar, recurrence common

48
Q

what is the etiology of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis - gram positive facultative intracellular bacteria

49
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?

A

culture of abscess material, for internal lesions u/s, rads, & aspirate, serology - synergistic hemolysin inhibition titer

50
Q

what is the most practical treatment for caseous lymphadenitis for commercial operations?

A

culling

51
Q

if there is a valuable animal with caseous lymphadenitis, how is it treated?

A

isolate, lance/drain/lavage with iodine solution,s urgical excision, abx in extralabel manner - likely to recur even with treatment

52
Q

what treatment is not okay for small ruminants with caseous lymphadenitis?

A

formalin injection - not okay in animals intended for food & forbidden by the FDA

53
Q

what is the risk of caseous lymphadenitis? how is it transmitted?

A

zoonotic & highly contagious - enters through breaks in skin or mucus membranes

54
Q

external caseous lymphadenitis is more common in what small ruminants? what about the internal form?

A

goats for external & internal for sheep

55
Q

caseous lymphadenitis is susceptible to what cleaning products?

A

bleach & chlorhexidine

56
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis prevented?

A

strict biosecurity, don’t contaminate environment (collect purulent material & lavage fluid), careful use of fomites, vaccinate if endemic to reduce incidence, & fly control

57
Q

what are the most common causes of pneumonia in small ruminants? what is the classical clinical presentation?

A

ovine progressive pneumonia, maedi-visna, progressive wasting respiratory distress, CAE, chronic enzootic pneumonia, bacterial, & lungworms - sheep greater than 4 years old, indurative mastitis, coughing, discharge, dyspnea, weight loss

58
Q

what is the classic case presentation of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma causing pneumonia?

A

respiratory distress & crackles throughout lung fields with copious nasal discharge

59
Q

what is the classic case presentation of caprine athritis encephalitis causing pneumonia?

A

mostly arthritis & neuro signs, & maybe indurative mastitis with respiratory signs

60
Q

what is the morbidity/mortality rate of chronic enzootic pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

high morbidity low mortality

61
Q

what clinical signs are seen with lungworm pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

coughing, tachypna, & respiratory distress

62
Q

what clinical signs are seen with bacterial pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

thicker nasal discharge

63
Q

in lambs & kids with pneumonia, what are the common causes?

A

usually viral - PI-3, adenovirus, respiratory synctial virus, & secondary bacterial

64
Q

what are common causes of pneumonia in adult small ruminants?

A

retroviruses in sheep: OPP, M-V, OPA, & jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, in goats, CAE

65
Q

what bacteria are often implicated in causing bacterial pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

mainheimia haemolytica, pastuerella multocida, chlamydia pneumoniae, salmonella, mycobacterium, & corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

66
Q

what parasites are often implicated in causing pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

dictocaulus filaria in the bronchi, muellerius capillaris in alveoli & lung parenchyma which is worse in goats than sheep, & protostrongylus refescens in the bronchi

67
Q

how is pneumonia caused by parainfluenza-3 in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

virus isolation on nasal swab or serology (2 titers, 2-4 weeks apart)

68
Q

how is pneumonia caused by OPA/M-V/CAE in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

ultrasound of the lungs, agar gell test or ELISA, necropsy with heavy lungs that don’t collapse, PCR, or virus isolation

69
Q

how is bacterial pneumonia in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

culture tracheal wash/lung material

70
Q

how is chronic enzootic pneumonia in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

necropsy - challenging diagnosis

71
Q

how is parasitic pneumonia in small ruminants diagnosed?

A

1st stage larva seen on fecal float or in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, use baermann technique

72
Q

what bacteria are normal inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract in small ruminants?

A

m. haemolytica & p. multocida

73
Q

what part of the respiratory system is affected d. filaria & p. rufescens?

A

bronchi

74
Q

what part of the respiratory system is affected by m. capillaris? what small ruminant is it worse in?

A

alveoli & lung parenchyma - worse in goats

75
Q

parasitic pneumonia in small ruminants affects what part of the body & is rarely what?

A

margins of the diaphragmatic lung lobes - rarely clinical

76
Q

how is viral pneumonia treated in small ruminants?

A

supportive care, abx for secondary infections

77
Q

how is pneumonia caused by OPA/M-V/CAE treated in small ruminants?

A

none, serology done twice a year & cull positive animals

78
Q

how is bacterial pneumonia in small ruminants treated?

A

supportive care, improve ventilation

79
Q

how is chronic enzootic pneumonia in small ruminants treated?

A

maybe long acting oxytetracycline (off label)

80
Q

how is parasitic pneumonia in small ruminants treated?

A

anthelmintics and vaccination

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