Canine Top 20 Diseases - Part 4 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with pancreatitis?
can be acute, chronic, or subclinical
history of dietary indiscretion/high-fat diet/blunt abdominal trauma
vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness/dehydration
med history of KBr, azathioprine, l-asparaginase, phenobarbital, & thiazide diuretics
what dog breed is over-represented by pancreatitis?
mini schnauzers
how is pancreatitis in a dog diagnosed?
snap cPL test (very sensitive)
if positive, confirm with spec cPLI test (highly specific for both acute & chronic pancreatitis)
what is seen on abdominal ultrasound of a dog with pancreatitis?
enlarged hypoechoic pancreas
hyperechoic peri-pancreatic fat
fluid around the pancreas
T/F: 4-5X elevation of lipase & amylase are only suggestive towards a diagnosis of pancreatitis (only 50% sensitivity/specificity)
true
how is pancreatitis treated?
aggressive fluid therapy with appropriate additives based on lab work
pain meds - opioids or lidocaine CRI, anti nausea meds, enteral nutrition support
T/F: antibiotics should be avoided if possible when treating a dog for pancreatitis
true
what does the prognosis of pancreatitis depend on? what are negative prognostic factors?
depends on the severity of disease
multiple organ failure, acidosis, hypocalcemia, peritonitis, & DIC
T/F: corticosteroids are considered to be a cause of pancreatitis
false - used to be, but no longer contraindicated
what is the classic case presentation of kennel cough?
exposure to or housed with large numbers of other animals
acute onset non-productive cough that may end in a retch
what is the etiology that causes kennel cough?
viruses - canine parainfluenza, canine influenza, canine adenovirus-2, & sometimes distemper
b. bronchiseptica
mycoplasma
how is kennel cough diagnosed?
history/clinical signs are strongly suggestive
bacterial culture or PCR of bordetella bronchiseptica from nasal or oropharyngeal swabs, TTW, or BAL
thoracic rads - signs of bronchopneumonia if severe
if there is no secondary pneumonia, how long will it take for kennel cough to resolve?
7-10 days
what is the recommended treatment for kennel cough?
cough suppressants for persistent dry cough - hydrocodone or torb
for bronchopneumonia - antibiotics, nebulization with sterile saline +/- gentamicin, iv fluids, & oxygen therapy
how is kennel cough prevented?
vaccination - modified live combo or intranasal can reduce infection rate/severity
T/F: kennel cough is highly contagious, so if an animal needs to be hospitalized for treatment, it needs to be quarantined
true
what is the classic case presentation of megaesophagus?
regurgitation, coughing/drooling, weight loss, weakness (if due to MG, polyneuropathy, or polymyopathy), & +/- signs of pneumonia
how is megaesophagus diagnosed?
thoracic rads - air-filled dilated esophagus +/- secondary aspiration pneumonia best seen on the VD view
test for underlying conditions - MG, ACTH stim for addison’s, free T4 for hypothyroid
how is megaesophagus treated?
treat the underlying condition & aspiration pneumonia
upright feeding with gruel or meatballs
cisapride - aid in gastric emptying to reduce esophageal reflux
proton pump inhibitors - help decrease gastric reflux
what breeds are predisposed to congenital megaesophagus?
german shepherds, mini schnauzers, & fox terriers
what cardiac abnormality should be ruled out in a puppy with megaesophagus?
vascular ring anomaly
what are 2 drugs that can temporarily cause megaesophagus?
ketamine & xylazine
T/F: most dogs with megaesophagus usually die secondarily due to aspiration pneumonia
true
what is the classic case presentation of osteosarcoma?
large or giant breed dogs with a bimodal age incidence (1.5-2 years & 7-9 years)
chronic, progressive lameness or acute if there is a pathologic fracture & a cough if pulmonary mets are present
what is the classic case presentation of mammary chain tumors in dogs?
palpable mammary chain mass or ulceration seen in intact or late spayed females
what is the classic case presentation of mast cell tumors in dogs?
cutaneous or subcutaneous mass that may shrink/swell intermittently +/- pruritic
if degranulation happens - vomiting, diarrhea, & melena
what dog breeds are predisposed to getting mast cell tumors?
boxer, boston, goldens, labs, & pugs
what is the classic case presentation of canine lymphoma?
generalized lymphadenopathy
anorexia, vomiting, weight loss, & dyspnea
how are osteosarcomas diagnosed?
rads - bony, moth-eaten lysis & periosteal bone formation, thoracic 3 view rads to look for mets
CBC/chem/UA to stage
FNA/biopsy to confirm diagnosis
CT for axial tumors/surgical planning
how are canine mammary gland tumors diagnosed?
excisional biopsy & histopath
FNA or regional lymph nodes
3-view thoracic rads & abdominal u/s to look for mets
how are mast cell tumors diagnosed?
FNA cytology - blue or purple staining intracytoplasmic granules
FNA of draining lymph node to evaluate for mets
histopath is required to grade them!!!!
how is lymphoma diagnosed?
cytology - predominance of lymphoblasts
biopsy required for definitive diagnosis & grading
stage with thoracic rads & abdominal ultrasound
CBC - anemia, thrombocytopenia, & neutropenia with bone marrow involvement
chem - hypercalcemia
phenotype with flow cytometry or IHC to determine if B or T cell
how are osteosarcoma tumors treated?
mostly palliative - amputation, radiation, & chemo for microscopic disease (doxorubicin or carboplatin)
how are mammary chain tumors treated?
surgery depends on size/location but best if you can excise with a minimum of 2 cm margins in all planes
inguinal lymph node removal
adjuvant chemo for gross mets or advanced disease
how are mast cell tumors treated?
surgical excision with 2 cm or greater lateral margins & 1 fascial plane deep
histamine blockers - diphenhydramine, famotidine
chemo/radiation
how is lymphoma treated?
combination protocol chemo
what is the survival time associated with osteosarcoma?
4-12 months
what percentage of osteosarcomas in dogs are appendicular?
75%
T/F: 90% of dogs will have clear thoracic rads at initial diagnosis but will develop chest mets even with amputation
true
T/F: 50% of mammary tumors are benign & 50% are malignant
true
what are poor prognostic indicators of mammary chain tumors?
if > 3 cm, lymph node involvement, or distant metastasis
T/F: spaying a dog older than 2 years old will decrease the risk of mammary chain tumors
false
what locations are mast cell tumors more aggressive?
mucocutaneous junctions, prepuce, scrotum, muzzle, digit, pinna
T/F: tumor grade of mast cell tumors determine the prognosis
true
what type of lymphoma has a poorer prognosis, T cell or B cell?
T cell has a worse prognosis
what dog breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate calculi?
mini schnauzers, lhasa apso, yorkies, shih tzus, pomeranians, & mini poodles
what dog breeds are predisposed to urate calculi?
dalmatians & dogs with portosystemic shunts
what dog breeds are predisposed to cysteine calculi?
newfoundlands, dachshunds, labs, basset hounds, & yorkies due to a genetic defect causing cystinuria
what dog breed is predisposed to silica calculi?
german shepherds
what are struvite urinary calculi often secondary to?
bacterial UTI’s - staph & proteus spp
more common in females
what is the classic case presentation of cystitis/cystic calculi?
pollakiuria, stranguria, hematuria, & dysuria
inappropriate elimination + malodorous urine
how is cystitis/cystic calculi diagnosed?
urinalysis - pyuria, hematuria, bacteriuria, & crystalluria
urine culture/sensitivity
rads to look for radiopaque stones
u/s for radiolucent calculi
urolith analysis
how are struvite calculi treated?
antibiotics for cystitis/struvite calculi
surgical removal or medical dissolution with science diet s/d
prevent recurrence with science diet c/d or w/d
how are calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate calculi treated?
surgery & treatment of underlying cause of hypercalcemia if present
prevent recurrence with low protein, alkaline urine promoting diet (royal canine urinary SO)
how are cysteine uroliths treated?
treated with a restricted protein & low methionine diet for 1 month past dissolution & then a low purine diet to prevent recurrent
T/F: chronic, low purine diets can cause cardiomyopathy
true
