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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Chemistry Electrolytes > Flashcards

Cross Species - Chemistry Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what electrolytes are included on a biochemistry panel?

A

sodium, potassium, & chloride

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2
Q

what minerals are included on a biochemistry panel?

A

calcium, phosphorus, & magnesium

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3
Q

what is the predominant extracellular cation on a biochemistry panel? what is it tightly linked to?

A

sodium - extracellular fluid (hydration status!!)

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4
Q

what are the top causes of hypernatremia?

A

water loss in excess of sodium, so dogs/cats - gi fluid loss, adipsia - CNS disease & water deprivation, & excessive sodium ingestion seen in salt poisoning in calves

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5
Q

what are the top causes of hyponatremia?

A

hypotonic fluid loss - DKA, gi loss (severe diarrhea in horses & cattle, but especially horses), addison’s disease, & diuretic administration + volume overload/excessive water intake

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6
Q

why can’t you correct hyponatremia too quickly? what is the maximum rate?

A

CNS signs can occur with rapid correction - max rate, no greater than 0.5 mEq/L/h

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7
Q

what is the major intracellular cation? why is it tightly controlled?

A

potassium - very important for cellular function!!! plasma level is very low compared to sodium

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8
Q

what are the top causes of hyperkalemia?

A

spurious (thrombocytosis, hemolysis, EDTA coagulant), uroabdomen (foals, obstructive uropathy in dogs/cats), oliguric/anuric acute renal failure, addison’s disease, HYPP in horses, neonatal bovine diarrhea, & metabolic acidosis

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9
Q

what are the top causes of hypokalemia?

A

decreased intake, increased excretion/loss, & transcellular shifts

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10
Q

what are some examples of increased excretion/loss that lead to hypokalemia?

A

increased excretion/loss - feline CKD, loop diuretics, gi loss, & sweating in horses

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11
Q

what are some examples of transcellular shifts that lead to hypokalemia?

A

alkalemia, insulin or dextrose administration, & hypokalemia in cattle 3 months post partum

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12
Q

what is the ratio of chloride to sodium?

A

1:1 but it will be slightly lower than sodium in plasma

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13
Q

why should you always interpret chloride in conjunction with sodium?

A

they move together!!!!

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14
Q

what does it mean if the change in both sodium & chloride is roughly the same? what if it is different?

A

if the same - free water loss or gain, if different - acid-base disturbance or loss of Cl in excess of sodium

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15
Q

what are the top causes of hyperchloremia?

A

drug administration (potassium bromide) & hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis (secondary to renal disease)

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16
Q

what are the top causes of hypochloremia?

A

hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, loss of Cl rich fluid

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17
Q

what are some causes of loss of chloride resulting in hypochloremia in dogs/cats? cattle? horses?

A

dogs/cats - gastric acid with high causes of vomiting so gastric outflow tract or proximal duodenal obstruction, cattle - abomasal outflow tract obstruction & renal disease, & horses - ptyalism, gastric reflux, & diarrhea

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18
Q

what drug can result in hypochloremia?

A

loop diuretics

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19
Q

what are the 3 forms of calcium?

A

50/55% free/ionized (not measured by chemistry), 35/45% protein bound mostly to albumin which is measured, & 5/10% complexed with anions that is not measured

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20
Q

if calcium is abnormal on a chemistry panel, what should you measure?

A

ionized calcium

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21
Q

in dogs, how can calcium be adjusted?

A

measured calcium - albumin + 3.5

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22
Q

T/F: changes in blood albumin affect total calcium but not ionized

A

true

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23
Q

what is a normally adjusted calcium?

A

change in the measured calcium likely due to change in albumin

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24
Q

T/F: changes in ionized calcium are physiologically significant

A

true

25
Q

what should calcium be evaluated with?

A

phosphorus to evaluate calcium homeostasis

26
Q

how is the serum calcium phosphate product measured? what is the risk if it is over 70?

A

total calcium * phosphorus - if greater than 70, high risk of tissue mineralization (especially renal) which is a negative prognostic indicator for canine renal disease

27
Q

how do you rule out toxicosis as a cause of hypercalcemia?

A

measure vitamin D levels

28
Q

what are the main causes of hypercalcemia in dogs?

A

paraneoplastic hypercalcemia of malignancy!!! also primary hyperparathyroidism & addison’s

29
Q

what does a normal PTH with hypercalcemia indicate in dogs & cats? why?

A

inappropriate - indicates parathyroid related disease because PTH is controlled by negative feedback so it should be low with hypercalcemia

30
Q

T/F: PTHrP can be increased with hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

true

31
Q

what are the main causes of hypercalcemia in cats?

A

idiopathic, chronic renal disease, & paraneoplastic

32
Q

what are the main causes of hypercalcemia in horses?

A

chronic renal disease & paraneoplastic

33
Q

what are the main causes of hypercalcemia in cattle?

A

iatrogenic calcium administration

34
Q

what is the most common cause of hypocalcemia? what do you measure to determine if it is significant?

A

low serum albumin - ionized calcium

35
Q

what are the main causes of hypocalcemia in dogs?

A

severe illness, primary hypoparathyroidism, acute pancreatitis, PLE (can cause true hypocalcemia especially in yorkies with lymphangiectasia), & ecclampsia

36
Q

what are the main causes of hypocalcemia in cats?

A

severe illness & renal disease

37
Q

what are the main causes of hypocalcemia in cows?

A

milk fever

38
Q

what are the main causes of hypocalcemia in horses?

A

colic in horses & hypocalcemia tetany

39
Q

where does most phosphorus exist in the body?

A

most exists as oxidized phosphate in bone

40
Q

how is phosphorus excreted?

A

urinary excretion in monogastrics & salivary excretion in adult ruminants

41
Q

what risk do you run if phosphorus is very increased? what if you have significant hypophosphatemia?

A

increased - tissue mineralization, decreased - erythrocyte membrane instability & hemolysis

42
Q

what are the top causes of hyperphosphatemia in small animals?

A

decreased renal excretion, pre-renal (dehydration, renal, or post-renal obstruction

43
Q

what are the top causes of hyperphosphatemia in horses?

A

acute renal failure, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, endurance exercise, & vitamin D toxicity

44
Q

what are the top causes of hyperphosphatemia in cattle?

A

uncommon - usually due to dehydration

45
Q

what is a cause of hyperphosphatemia in young dogs?

A

bone growth

46
Q

what do you expect to see with calcium & phosphorus levels in an animal with primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

usually increased calcium & decreased phsophorus

47
Q

what is a big cause of hypophosphatemia in dogs & cats?

A

insulin therapy for DKA

48
Q

what are some causes of hypophospatemia in horses?

A

chronic renal disease, gi disease, & starvation

49
Q

what are some causes of hypophosphatemia in cattle?

A

post-parturient hemoglobinuria in dairy cattle, severe illness, & urolithiasis

50
Q

what is the major intracellular cation second to potassium? what is it a critical cofactor for?

A

magnesium - critical cofactor for ATP

51
Q

how is magnesium measured?

A

total concentration measured by chemistry analyzers - some machines will do in house ionized magnesium

52
Q

T/F: hypomagnesemia is typically more clinically relevant than hypermagnesemia

A

true

53
Q

when should you measure levels of magnesium?

A

unexplained hypocalcemia, refractory hypokalemia (supplement magnesium to help correct), & sudden death in ruminants

54
Q

T/F: hypermagnesemia is an uncommon lab abnormality to see on a chemistry panel

A

true

55
Q

what are some iatrogenic causes of hypermagnesemia in horses?

A

MgSO4 administered as a gi cathartic, or iv supplementation, or either way as a calming agent

56
Q

what is the top cause of hypomagnesemia in horses & small animals?

A

critical illness

57
Q

T/F: horses can get hypomagnesemia from sweating in an endurance/competition or with exhaustion syndrome

A

true

58
Q

T/F: in small animals, diuresis increases urinary loss of magnesium causing hypomagnesemia

A

true

59
Q

what is the top cause of hypomagnesemia in ruminants?

A

grass tetany

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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