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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Bovine Top Topics - Abortion Overview > Flashcards

Bovine Top Topics - Abortion Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a cow that has an early-term abortion?

A

cow will return to estrus - delayed estrus following insemination

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a cow that has a late-term abortion?

A

dystocia, retained placenta, uterine discharge, & fetal remnants in uterus

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3
Q

what are some clues you can use to determine how long a fetus has been dead in utero?

A

12 hours: cloudy cornea, 24 hours: soft/pulp kidneys, cloudy, flocculent, & mucoid abomasal contents, & 36-96 hours: subcutaneous tissues are gelatinous & blood-tinged, soft/friable liver, & pink/red abomasal contents

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4
Q

what are some clues that indicate a cow has had an abortion?

A

cow previously diagnosed as pregnant & is no longer pregnant, finding the expelled fetus, vaginal discharge/hanging placenta, & circling vultures

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5
Q

what is the timeline of tritrichomonas foetus causing an abortion in the first half of gestation?

A

fetus is resorbed & not expelled - cow will return to estrus!!! multiple breedings & delayed estrus cycles, short term vaginal infection with self-cure & immunity in cows, economically significant, & REPORTABLE

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6
Q

what is the timeline of heat causing abortion in cattle?

A

cows in ambient temperatures greater than 100°F, fever, & fetal resorption - occurs in the early-term/first half of gestation

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7
Q

what is the timeline of neospora caninum causing abortion in cattle?

A

midterm abortion caused by protozoan parasite, occurs between mostly 4-6 months - transmitted to adult cows through canine fecal contamination of feed - calves can be non-autolyzed & dead, or can be born alive with varying severity of CNS disease

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8
Q

what is the primary source of neospora caninum?

A

dogs are the primary host

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9
Q

what is the timeline of brucella abortus causing abortion in cattle?

A

2nd half of gestation around 7 months, considered to be eradicated in the USA - pregnant cows become infected with contact with aborted fluids/tissues from infected cows - titers will rise but some infected heifers may not have a titer until the abortion occurs, may cause an abortion storm, & REPORTABLE

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10
Q

epizootic bovine abortion is also known as what? where is the only place it is known to happen?

A

foothill aborton - western USA

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11
Q

what is the etiology of epizootic bovine abortion?

A

pajaroellobacter abortibovis gram negative rod bacteria transmitted by soft ticks

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12
Q

what is the timeline of epizootic bovine abortion?

A

abortions occur 60-120 days after naïve pregnant heifers are moved into contaminated pastures - aborted fetuses will have lymphadenopathy & petechial hemorrhages

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13
Q

what do aborted fetuses look like if the etiology is epizootic bovine abortion?

A

lymphadenopathy & petechial hemorrhage

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14
Q

what are the 5 most common serovars of leptospirosis that cause abortion in cattle?

A

hardjo, grippotyphosa, pomona, canicola, & icterohemorrhagica

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15
Q

how is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

mostly environmental urine to oral transmission except in hardjo which can be venereally transmitted

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16
Q

what do aborted fetuses look like if the etiology is leptospirosis?

A

white spots in kidneys & petechiae in scleral membranes

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17
Q

when may nitrate poisoning cause abortion in cattle? what clinical signs may be seen prior to abortion?

A

may cause abortions at intakes greater than 700 ppm nitrate in feed on a dry matter basis, but abortion may be delayed with respect to nitrate exposure - muscle tremors, weakness, anxiety, brown/cyanotic mucus membranes, dyspnea, & tachypnea

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18
Q

how does ponderosa pine cause abortion in cattle?

A

cows develop a preference for pine needles over feed - high dietary protein increases their risk of abortion

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19
Q

what clinical signs may a cow that aborted due to anaplasma marginale have?

A

concomitant anemia & icterus

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20
Q

what drugs are known to cause abortions in cattle?

A

dexamethasone - used to terminate pregnancy if necessary but high risk for retained placenta, & xylazine

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21
Q

what is the timeline of BVDV causing abortion in cattle?

A

may abort 3-4 months after infection with abortion occurring at any stage of gestation with the fetuses looking normal to stages of mummification - can be venereally transmitted from persistently infected bull semen

22
Q

how is campylobacter veneralis transmitted in cattle causing abortions?

A

venereal transmission from bull or cow to bull - reinfection may occur after several years

23
Q

how does exogenous prostaglandin cause abortion in cattle?

A

mistakenly injected - may be used for mismating, administered at 7-9 days post-mating & then re-dosed in 7-9 days (high risk for retained placenta)

24
Q

what is the timeline of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis causing abortion in cattle?

A

especially 4 months to term (BHV-1) - may abort weeks to months after last clinical case of respiratory IBR, may see abortion storms, & fetuses will have white abomasal plaques

25
Q

T/F: making a definitive diagnosis of the cause of an abortion in cattle is very difficult

A

TRUE

26
Q

T/F: only 20-30% of abortion causes in cattle are diagnosed

A

TRUE

27
Q

why are only 20-30% of abortion causes in cattle diagnosed?

A

fetal tissues are autolyzed, physical non-infectious causes may self-correct, toxic agents have disappeared by the time abortion occurs, & abortion occurs weeks after the infection

28
Q

what specimens should be collected when trying to diagnose a cause of abortion in a cow?

A

abomasal contents, decomposed fetus with brain contents collected aseptically, kidneys, cotyledons, intestines, lungs, serum from peritoneal fluid/fetus, vaginal discharge, & any organs with lesions

29
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by BVDV in cows?

A

PCR or fluorescent antibody

30
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by neosporis in cows?

A

titers on the dam are very high in cases of abortion

31
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by tritrichomoniasis in cows?

A

positive cultures with PCR, non-pathogenic intestinal trichomonads sometomes contains specimens, & tag carrier bulls/report to state vet & neighboring farms

32
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by campylobacter in cows?

A

cervical mucus for antibody/culture & fetal tissues for culture - cows will eliminate campylobacter after several estrous cycles

33
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by leptospira in cows?

A

microscopic agglutination titers - can be confusing if cow has been vaccinated but cattle vaccinated rarely will have titers greater than 1:400, PCR or fluorescent antibody on aborted fetal tissues & placentomes

34
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by IBR in cows?

A

immunofluorescence on fetal cotyledons, fetal abomasum, & fetal lungs

35
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by nitrates in cows?

A

analysis of water & feed (diagnostic at greater than 700 ppm dry matter)

36
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by brucellosis in cows?

A

serology on dam’s blood & culture of fetal abomasal contents

37
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by foothill abortion in cows?

A

PCR on fetal tissues

38
Q

what testing is done for abortion caused by listeria monocytogenes in cows?

A

culture placenta & fetal abomasal contents

39
Q

what is the mainstay of preventing abortion in cattle?

A

good husbandry should keep the abortion rate under 1%

40
Q

how is abortion caused by IBR & BVD prevented?

A

appropriate vaccination at 6 months of age with modified-live vaccines & annual revaccination pre-breeding

41
Q

how is abortion caused by brucellosis prevented?

A

vaccination with RB-51 vaccine at 4-6 months of age

42
Q

how is abortion caused by leptospirosis prevented?

A

vaccinate pre-breeding & mid-gestation, identify carriers of hardjo, & treat carriers with long-acting oxytetracycline

43
Q

how is abortion caused by campylobacter prevented?

A

vaccinate infected & at risk cows

44
Q

how is abortion caused by neosporosis prevented?

A

keep dogs & other canines away from pastures

45
Q

how is abortion caused by tritrichomoniasis prevented?

A

test bulls prior to introduction to cows & repeat tests 2 or more times

46
Q

how is abortion caused by nitrate poisoning prevented?

A

dilute or exclude feeds with toxic concentrations of nitrates

47
Q

how is abortion caused by foothill abortion prevented?

A

wait until the third trimester, after 160 days, to introduce pregnant heifers to known foothill agent-infected pastures

48
Q

what agent causing abortion causes a permanent infection in the sheath of the bull’s penis?

A

tritrichomoniasis foetus

49
Q

how is trichomoniasis transmitted?

A

venereal transmission to & from bulls via infected cows

50
Q

foothill abortion will not happen to a cow if what occurs?

A

if pregnant cows are moved to contaminated pastures at greater than 120 days gestation

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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