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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Exotics Top Topics - Infectious Aquatic Diseases Part 2 > Flashcards

Exotics Top Topics - Infectious Aquatic Diseases Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case of koi herpes virus?

A

affects koi or common carp - mottled red/white gills +/- hemorrhaging, sunken eyes, notched nose

surface swimming, lethargy, respiratory distress

high morbidity & mortality

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2
Q

what is the etiology of koi herpes virus?

A

caused by cyprinid herpes virus 3

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3
Q

how is koi herpes virus diagnosed?

A

PCR is ideal for clinically diseased fish or virus isolation on either fresh dead fish or various tissues (including gills) from very sick fish

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4
Q

why are negative blood samples for antibodies not great for diagnosing koi herpes virus?

A

it won’t rule out survivor/carrier status & the animal may also be negative for early stage disease

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5
Q

what is the recommended treatment for koi herpes virus?

A

depopulation recommended but not mandatory - survivors become carriers & perpetuate disease spread

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6
Q

what should be avoided at koi show events?

A

showing koi in common/shared containers that are used to display fish

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7
Q

what detection option may be used for koi herpes virus?

A

30 day quarantine period at 75°F for new arrivals but carriers may not show clinical signs within this window

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8
Q

is koi herpes virus reportable? who to? where is it seen?

A

highly contagious - reportable in US & canada to respective federal authorities & to the world organization for animal health (OIE)

considered endemic & common in US & many other parts of the world

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9
Q

what other animals can be asymptomatic carriers for koi herpes virus?

A

goldfish

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10
Q

what is important to know about the terms fish louse, fish lice, & sea lice?

A

they are just terms used to describe a number of different species of freshwater & marine crustacean parasites of fish

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11
Q

what is the classic case presentation of fish louse?

A

in many cases, adults can be seen grossly & attached causing skin/gill damage - large numbers can cause death

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12
Q

what are the 2 most common groups of sea lice?

A

lepeophtheirus salmonis & caligus spp - both are copepod crustacean parasites

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13
Q

what sea lice are seen on freshwater fish?

A

argulus (branchiuran crustaceans) - wild game fish, bait fish, goldfish, & koi in ponds or aquariums

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14
Q

how are sea lice diagnosed?

A

use direct visualization but can verify with microscopic examination of the organism

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15
Q

how are sea lice treated?

A

treatment options are limited & will vary depending upon species & situation - consider legalities, human health, & environmental issues in each situation

drugs - chitin/growth inhibitors affecting juvenile stages, organophosphates, & emamectin

secondary bacterial infections may require abx

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16
Q

what sea louse is a significant problem in ocean-farmed salmonids? what sea louse can infect numerous marine species? what sea louse can infect many different freshwater species, lay eggs in the environment, & has been shown to be a vector of bacterias/viruses?

A

ocean farmed - lepeophtheirus salmonis

numerous species - caligus

females of both hold egg sacs on their bodies

many species/eggs in environment/bacteria/viruses - argulus species

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17
Q

what is the classic case presentation of carp/koi pox virus? what about severe cases?

A

classic - benign, non-necrotizing epidermal hyperplasia, lesions are white to cream, smooth or raised, often look like candle wax drippings on the fish

severe - papillomatous growths +/- secondary bacterial infections

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18
Q

what is the etiology of carp/koi pox virus?

A

caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-1 (related to the virus that causes koi herpes virus)

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19
Q

how is carp/koi pox virus diagnosed?

A

history, visual assessment, biopsy, & histopathology

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20
Q

how can water temperature be used to treat carp/koi pox virus?

A

most lesions regress at water temps above 68°F

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21
Q

T/F: carp/koi pox virus is one of the oldest known diseases of fish

A

true

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22
Q

how is carp/koi pox virus prevented?

A

good husbandry, biosecurity, & increasing temperatures in a hospital tank/system will help lesions regress

23
Q

why is carp/koi pox virus bad for koi?

A

can cause aesthetic issues & decrease the value of the fish - may need to cull

24
Q

how is carp/koi pox treated?

A

usually self-limiting - minimal clinical importance in adults but may be fatal in fry < 2 months of age

25
Q

what is another name for ulcer disease in fish?

A

furunculosis

26
Q

what is the classic acute presentation of ulcer disease in fish?

A

appears like bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia - may have hemorrhages in gills, tail, fins, muscles, & internal organs

27
Q

what is the classic chronic presentation of ulcer disease in fish?

A

focal swelling, hemorrhage, & tissue necrosis in muscle

28
Q

what systemic illness can be seen in ulcer disease of fish?

A

disease can progress to furuncles which are deep abscesses that ooze out of the skin & liquefactive necrosis in spleen, liver, & kidney

29
Q

what fish get the atypical strain of ulcer disease?

A

non-salmonids - may also infect salmonids

30
Q

what is the etiology of ulcer disease in fish?

A

aeromonas salmonicida - gram negative non-motile rod

sub-species/strain variants will vary & determine species susceptibility and/or clinical signs (typical or atypical)

31
Q

how is ulcer disease in fish diagnosed?

A

isolate a pure culture from tissue or blood samples using PCR especially for atypical strains that are primarily epidermal (rapid overgrowth of secondary bacterial species impairs culture results)

32
Q

how is ulcer disease treated in fish?

A

abx based on culture/sensitivity & legal access

ulcer disease presentation & diagnosis by PCR may preclude clinical signs, so use best judgement for treatment

33
Q

ulcer disease is an important condition that affects what fish?

A

salmonids, goldfish, & koi - also some other freshwater & marine species

34
Q

what have been the results of vaccination in fish for a. salmonicida (ulcer disease)?

A

available for use in salmonids - mixed results with use of ulcer disease atypical strain vaccines in koi

35
Q

what is the mortality rate of mycobacterium in fish?

A

low level mortalities - over weeks or months within a population

36
Q

what fish populations are affected by mycobacterium?

A

aquaculture or aquarium - may be associated with older or more immunosuppressed (stressed) fish, poor quality, high organic load, poor husbandry, & cannibalism

37
Q

what are poor doer signs seen in fish with mycobacterium infections?

A

typically over a prolonged period (weeks to months) may share similarities with systemic bacterial/viral infections

coelemic swelling, pine coning, exophthalmia, skin ulcerations, hemorrhages, weight loss, & death

38
Q

what is the etiology of mycobacterial diseases in fish?

A

m. marinum, m. fortuitum, & m. chelonae

39
Q

how is mycobacterium in fish diagnosed at necropsy?

A

see internal/external nodules, granulomas, gray-white necrotic foci in multiple organs usually first seen in spleen & kidney

40
Q

how is mycobacterium diagnosed?

A

acid fast rods seen on cytology/histopath - PCR followed by culture & ID

in some cases, may see caseous or abscess like lesions, hyperpigmentation, & no evidence of granulomas or nodules internally (histiocytic vs granulomatous inflammation)

41
Q

what management options are used for valuable fish species with mycobacterium?

A

hobbyist or public aquarium - may benefit from supportive care but treatment is still difficult

42
Q

what management options are used for fish for broodstock production with mycobacterium?

A

depopulate or culling is strategic - targeted populations or specimens & reduce infectious load in the system (cleaning, water changes)

43
Q

why is cleaning & disinfection more complicated for mycobacterium in fish?

A

bacteria has a thick & waxy coat & other survival features

44
Q

T/F: antibiotics are ineffective in treating mycobacterium in fish

A

true

45
Q

what are the risk factors that predispose fish to mycobacterial infections?

A

stress, excess organic debris, & presence of biofilms (including those difficult to access, ie pipeline), low pH, low O2 in water, age, immunosuppression, & dose (environmental load)

46
Q

T/F: mycobacterium in fish poses a zoonotic risk to people & can hide in biofilms or on surfaces

A

true

47
Q

why is confirmatory testing of mycobacterium in fish critical?

A

many other causes of granulomas in fish - need to confirm!!!

48
Q

what is hole in the head disease of seahorses?

A

seahorse mycobacterial disease

49
Q

what is the classic case presentation of hole in the head disease?

A

skin ulcerations & emaciation

50
Q

what are the factors make hole in the head disease worse? what is the etiology?

A

stress, crowding, poor water quality will all make it worse

mycobacterium species

51
Q

how is hole in the head disease diagnosed in seahorses?

A

necropsy shows internal granulomas, gray-white necrotic foci especially in the liver, kidney, & spleen

see acid fast rods on cytology/histopath, confirm with PCR & culture

52
Q

how is hole in the head disease treated?

A

no treatment - bleach is ineffective at typical doses

UV light may help reduce loading but mycobacteria thrive within biofilms & can be released

53
Q

what are the risk factors of hole in the head disease?

A

stress, excess organic debris, low pH, & low oxygen in the water

54
Q

T/F: hole in the head disease is a very common zoonotic disease with seahorses being very prone to infection but other mycobacteria can infect all fish species

A

true

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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