Bovine Top 20 Diseases - Part 1 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of bovine lymphosarcoma affecting the CNS?
paraplegia, tetraplegia, paraparesis, tetraparesis, head tilt, facial paralysis, & dysphagia
what is the classic case presentation of bovine lymphosarcoma affecting the gi system?
free gas bloat, bagal indigestion, palpably enlarged abdominal lymph nodes, melena, & thickened rectum
what is the classic case presentation of bovine lymphosarcoma affecting the lymph nodes?
lymphadenopathy, exophthalmos, & weight loss
what is the classic case presentation of bovine lymphosarcoma affecting the heart?
unexpected/sudden collapse, death, CHF, jugular pulse, distended jugular/mammary veins, arrhythmia, tachycardia, weak pulse, & subcutaneous edema
what is the etiology of bovine lymphosarcoma?
bovine leukemia virus - oncogenic retrovirus
how is bovine lymphosarcoma diagnosed?
lymph node biopsy, positive antibodies on ELISA?AGID to BLV or PCR/antigen capture using ELISA for BLV
what treatment is used for bovine lymphosarcoma?
no effective or legal treatment - d-penicillamine has been given to affected pregnant cattle to save a valuable calf but questionable!!!!
T/F: cattle affected with bovine lymphosarcoma will not pass inspection for slaughter
TRUE
in cows with BLV, what percentages are asymptomatic/symptomatic?
most are asymptomatic, 5-10% get lymphosarcoma, & 30% will have a persistent lymphocytosis
what are the 3 types of ketosis seen in cattle?
type I - thin cow up to 45 days post partum, type II - obese cows peripartum, & type III/silage type - too much silage at any stage of lactation
what is the most common case presentation of ketosis in a cow?
dairy cow 1-4 weeks post-partum with mild anorexia, low milk production, malodorous breath, pica/paresthesia, aggressive behavior, & mild proprioceptive deficits with hepatic failure
how is ketosis in a cow diagnosed?
measure beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood (best), milk or urine, diagnostic is greater than 14.4 mg/dl in whole blood, look for acetoacetic acid in urine with dipstick, & thorough dental exam
how is type I ketosis in a cow treated?
simple/short term treatment: oral propylene glycol, IV dextrose, corticosteroids, oral potassium, & calcium salts
how is type II ketosis in a cow treated?
difficult/longer term treatment: transfaunate, force feed, IV dextrose, oral potassium, calcium salts, & insulin
how is silage type ketosis in a cow treated/prevented?
don’t feed silage with high concentration of butyric acid to pre & post-fresh partum cows!!!
what is the prognosis of type I ketosis?
excellent - prevent with low protein diet, maximize energy in early lactation, & monensin
what is the prognosis of type II ketosis in a cow?
poor prognosis - cull obese cows
why is ketosis economically impactful?
causes higher culling rates, more retained placentas, & decreased pregnancy rates/milk production in obese cows
what is the typical case presentation of a cow with BVD?
unvaccinated younger cow with acute diarrhea, nasal discharge, ptyalism, ocular discharge, oral ulcers, fever, anorexia, & coronitis
what happens with an in utero infection from BVD?
early embryonic death, cerebellar hypoplasia, developmental defects, & abortion
what happens with a persistent infection from BVD?
cow becomes infected by a non-cytopathic strain of the virus between 40-120 days gestation or if calf is from a PI dam, the calf will be a PI calf and serve as a reservoir of disease - if infected later in life by a cytopathic strain, will get mucosal disease
what happens with mucosal disease from BVD?
acute signs & fatal within 2-4 weeks
what is the etiology of BVD?
bovine viral diarrheal virus - pestivirus
how is BVD diagnosed?
ear notching for PI cattle with PCR or ELISA, virus isolation/histopath at necropsy, antigen-capture ELISA on blood/tissue, or PCR on milk
how is BVD treated? how is it prevented?
no treatment - test & remove PI calves & vaccinate to prevent
what is the prognosis for BVD?
grave except for subclinical disease in adult vaccinated cows
T/F: BVD is a worldwide economically important pestivirus that is not zoonotic but is highly contagious
TRUE
what is the classic case presentation of omphalitis?
fever with swollen, painful umbilicus and patent urachus +/- gi pain with secondary peritonitis
what is the classic case presentation of septicemia?
calf less than 2 weeks old with fever, diarrhea, depression, & systemic compromise
what is the classic case presentation of joint ill?
lameness with painful, swollen joints
what is the classic case presentation of meningitis?
opisthotonus & hyperesthesia
how is omphalitis diagnosed?
palpate & u/s of umbilical structures
how is joint ill diagnosed?
ultrasound/rads of affected joint & aspirate/culture of joint fluid
how is meningitis diagnosed?
CSF aspirate shows increased WBC counts & increased proteins
how is omphalitis treated?
antibiotics, surgical removal for advanced cases
how is joint ill treated?
antibiotics & lavage joints then instill antibiotics, analgesics, & NSAIDS
how is meningitis & septicemia treated?
antibiotics & systemic supportive care, NSAIDS, & diazepam if seizures
how can omphalitis, septicemia, joint ill, & meningitis be prevented?
make sure calves get a minimum of 500 grams IgG on first feedining & 4L colostrum by 2 hours of age & provide a clean calving environment
why measure a total protein from a calf at 24 hours of age?
look to see if there was adequate colostrum intake, should be greater than 5.5 mg/dl
what is the prognosis for omphalitis?
good
what is the prognosis for joint ill?
depends - some joints are better than others
what is the classic case presentation of a cow with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
cow over 2 months old with acute anorexia, agalactia, unwillingness to move, arched back, fever, & positive grunt test - +/- papple shape (pear on right & apple on left) and scant feces if secondary vagal indigestion
what is a positive abdominal rebound test for a cow with suspected traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
abdomen is percussed while looking for splinting & violent responses
how is traumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosed?
positive withers grunt test, positive abdominal rebound test, abdominocentesis with purulent/serosanguineous fluid, cranial abdominal rads, or abdominal ultrasound
T/F: for traumatic reticuloperitonitis, there are similar outcomes with both medical & surgical treatment with a better prognosis when treated early
TRUE
what is the prognosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis? what are some poor prognostic factors?
75% survival - poor prognosis associated with secondary vagal indigestion, diffuse peritonitis, & pericardial involvement
what medical treatment is used for traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
magnet, laxatives, antibiotics, & analgesics
what surgical treatment is used for traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
rumenotomy, antibiotics, & magnet
how is traumatic reticuloperitonitis prevented?
one magnet per cow given at 400-600 pounds weight will prevent almost all cases
