Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 1 Flashcards
what animals are most often affected by lead toxicosis?
usually dogs or cattle
what is the classic case presentation of acute lead toxicosis in ruminants?
especially in young cows - ataxia, blindness, eyelid twitching, salivation, jaw chomping, bruxism, muscle tremors, & convulsions
what is the classic case presentation of subacute lead toxicosis in ruminants?
especially in sheep & older cows - anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, constipation followed by diarrhea, blindness/head pressing, hyperesthesia, incoordination, & bruxism
what is the classic case presentation of chronic lead toxicosis in ruminants?
dysphagia & aspiration pneumonia
what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in dogs?
anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety/barking, salivation, blindness/ataxia, muscle spasms, opisthotnus, & convulsions
what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in horses?
chronic weight loss, dysphagia, diarrhea, & roaring
what is seen on a CBC from an animal with lead toxicosis?
anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, metarubricytes, & hypochromasia
how is lead toxicosis diagnosed?
blood lead concentration over 0.05-0.10 ppm
what treatment is used for all animals with lead toxicosis? what about specific treatment for dogs?
calcium disodium edetate & thiamine, dogs - d-penicillamine or succimer
what is the pathophysiology of lead toxicosis?
capillary damage/edema with irritation, immune suppression, nephrotoxic, toxic to hematopoietic system, & teratogenic
what animals are often affected by selenium toxicosis?
grazing animals most often affected - all animals are susceptible
what is the classic case presentation of acute selenium toxicosis?
weird behavior, respiratory trouble, tachycardia, frothy nasal discharge, gi upset, & sudden death
what is the classic case presentation of subchronic selenium toxicosis in pigs?
ataxia, paraparesis followed by tetraplegia, poor hooves, & alopecia
what is the classic case presentation of chronic selenium toxicosis?
rough/brittle hair coat, poor hooves/laminitis, & weakness/anorexia
how is selenium toxicosis diagnosed?
high selenium concentration in feed, blood, & tissues
what treatment is indicated for acute selenium toxicosis?
n-acetylcysteine to improve systemic glutathione levels
what treatment is indicated for chronic selenium toxicosis?
high protein diet to bind selenium or add arsenic salt to enhance biliary excretion
what is the pathophysiology of selenium toxicosis?
directly inhibits cellular oxidation/reduction reactions, increases oxygen free radicals causing tissue damage, & alters protein formations/cellular bonds affecting their function
T/F: selenium has a narrow margin of safety
TRUE
T/F: selenium can be found in pasture, hay, grains, & supplements
TRUE
what animals are especially affected by copper toxicosis?
especially sheep & dogs - others can be affected
T/F: acute signs from copper toxicosis are less common
TRUE
what acute signs are seen with copper toxicosis?
gastroenteritis with diarrhea/vomiting, pain, & shock
what chronic signs are seen with copper toxicosis?
acute hemolytic crisis, weakness, icterus, hemoglobinuria, colic, & potentially renal failure
copper toxicosis affects what body systems?
hematopoietic, liver, & gi
how is copper toxicosis diagnosed?
high copper levels in blood, liver, & kidney
what is seen on necropsy of an animal with copper toxicosis?
gun metal colored kidneys & blue green ingesta
how is copper toxicosis treated?
penicillamine or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate to increase copper excretion & vitamin c as an antioxidant
what is the pathophysiology of copper toxicosis?
lipid peroxidation, intravascular hemolysis, & gi irritation
what dog breed can have an inherited sensitivity to increased copper levels?
bedlington terriers
low dietary what can lead to increased copper absorption & decreased copper excretion?
low dietary sulfur or molybdenum
what is the prognosis of copper toxicosis?
poor
what is the classic case presentation of zinc toxicosis?
any species - anorexia, vomiting/diarrhea, lethargy, icterus/hemoglobinuria from intravascular hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, & foals may have epiphyseal swelling & lameness
what systems are affected by zinc toxicity?
gi, hematopoietic, cardiac, & CNS
what is seen on radiographs in an animal with zinc toxicosis?
radiodense foreign bodies
what is seen on CBC from an animal with zinc toxicosis?
anemia, spherocytes, & heinz body formation
how is zinc toxicosis diagnosed?
blood zinc concentration
how is zinc toxicosis treated?
remove zinc source, diuresis, supportive care
what is the pathophysiology of zinc toxicosis?
low gastric ph causes release of caustic zinc salts which irritate & interfere with cellular metabolism
T/F: zinc is an essential trace mineral
TRUE
what household items is zinc found in?
household coatings, supplements, batteries, paints, & creams
what is the prognosis of zinc toxicosis?
usually good outcome if properly addressed
what animals are most often affected by fluoride toxicosis?
most often in livestock & poultry
what acute signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?
salivation/sweating, restlessness, anorexia/gastroenteritis, muscle weakness/stiffness, dyspnea, ventricular tachycardia, clonic convulsions, depression, & death
what chronic signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?
poor weight gain/unthrifty, on dental, mottled chalky pitted & stained enamel & uneven wear, & skeletal: stiffness, severe lameness, abnormal hoof growth, exostoses, & periosteal hyperostosis on ribs
what body systems are affected by fluoride toxicosis?
affects gi tract, dental, & skeletal systems
what is seen on radiographs from an animal with fluoride toxicosis?
periosteal hyperostosis & exostoses
how is fluoride toxicosis diagnosed?
history of exposure/clinical signs, urinary & serum fluoride concentrations (tricky because of rapid elimination)
what treatment is used for acute fluoride toxicosis?
decrease absorption via IV calcium gluconate or oral magnesium hydroxide or milk
what treatment is used for chronic fluoride toxicosis?
no treatment
what is the pathophysiology of fluoride toxicosis?
fluoride alters intracellular metabolism of essential metals such as mg, mn, fe, cu, & zn
how is fluoride toxicosis prevented?
supplement animals with calcium carbonate, aluminum salts, magnesium metasilicate, or boron to decrease absorption & increase excretion
