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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 1 > Flashcards

Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what animals are most often affected by lead toxicosis?

A

usually dogs or cattle

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of acute lead toxicosis in ruminants?

A

especially in young cows - ataxia, blindness, eyelid twitching, salivation, jaw chomping, bruxism, muscle tremors, & convulsions

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3
Q

what is the classic case presentation of subacute lead toxicosis in ruminants?

A

especially in sheep & older cows - anorexia, rumen stasis, colic, constipation followed by diarrhea, blindness/head pressing, hyperesthesia, incoordination, & bruxism

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4
Q

what is the classic case presentation of chronic lead toxicosis in ruminants?

A

dysphagia & aspiration pneumonia

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5
Q

what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in dogs?

A

anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, anxiety/barking, salivation, blindness/ataxia, muscle spasms, opisthotnus, & convulsions

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6
Q

what is the classic case presentation of lead toxicosis in horses?

A

chronic weight loss, dysphagia, diarrhea, & roaring

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7
Q

what is seen on a CBC from an animal with lead toxicosis?

A

anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, metarubricytes, & hypochromasia

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8
Q

how is lead toxicosis diagnosed?

A

blood lead concentration over 0.05-0.10 ppm

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9
Q

what treatment is used for all animals with lead toxicosis? what about specific treatment for dogs?

A

calcium disodium edetate & thiamine, dogs - d-penicillamine or succimer

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10
Q

what is the pathophysiology of lead toxicosis?

A

capillary damage/edema with irritation, immune suppression, nephrotoxic, toxic to hematopoietic system, & teratogenic

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11
Q

what animals are often affected by selenium toxicosis?

A

grazing animals most often affected - all animals are susceptible

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12
Q

what is the classic case presentation of acute selenium toxicosis?

A

weird behavior, respiratory trouble, tachycardia, frothy nasal discharge, gi upset, & sudden death

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13
Q

what is the classic case presentation of subchronic selenium toxicosis in pigs?

A

ataxia, paraparesis followed by tetraplegia, poor hooves, & alopecia

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14
Q

what is the classic case presentation of chronic selenium toxicosis?

A

rough/brittle hair coat, poor hooves/laminitis, & weakness/anorexia

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15
Q

how is selenium toxicosis diagnosed?

A

high selenium concentration in feed, blood, & tissues

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16
Q

what treatment is indicated for acute selenium toxicosis?

A

n-acetylcysteine to improve systemic glutathione levels

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17
Q

what treatment is indicated for chronic selenium toxicosis?

A

high protein diet to bind selenium or add arsenic salt to enhance biliary excretion

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18
Q

what is the pathophysiology of selenium toxicosis?

A

directly inhibits cellular oxidation/reduction reactions, increases oxygen free radicals causing tissue damage, & alters protein formations/cellular bonds affecting their function

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19
Q

T/F: selenium has a narrow margin of safety

A

TRUE

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20
Q

T/F: selenium can be found in pasture, hay, grains, & supplements

A

TRUE

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21
Q

what animals are especially affected by copper toxicosis?

A

especially sheep & dogs - others can be affected

22
Q

T/F: acute signs from copper toxicosis are less common

A

TRUE

23
Q

what acute signs are seen with copper toxicosis?

A

gastroenteritis with diarrhea/vomiting, pain, & shock

24
Q

what chronic signs are seen with copper toxicosis?

A

acute hemolytic crisis, weakness, icterus, hemoglobinuria, colic, & potentially renal failure

25
Q

copper toxicosis affects what body systems?

A

hematopoietic, liver, & gi

26
Q

how is copper toxicosis diagnosed?

A

high copper levels in blood, liver, & kidney

27
Q

what is seen on necropsy of an animal with copper toxicosis?

A

gun metal colored kidneys & blue green ingesta

28
Q

how is copper toxicosis treated?

A

penicillamine or ammonium tetrathiomolybdate to increase copper excretion & vitamin c as an antioxidant

29
Q

what is the pathophysiology of copper toxicosis?

A

lipid peroxidation, intravascular hemolysis, & gi irritation

30
Q

what dog breed can have an inherited sensitivity to increased copper levels?

A

bedlington terriers

31
Q

low dietary what can lead to increased copper absorption & decreased copper excretion?

A

low dietary sulfur or molybdenum

32
Q

what is the prognosis of copper toxicosis?

A

poor

33
Q

what is the classic case presentation of zinc toxicosis?

A

any species - anorexia, vomiting/diarrhea, lethargy, icterus/hemoglobinuria from intravascular hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, & foals may have epiphyseal swelling & lameness

34
Q

what systems are affected by zinc toxicity?

A

gi, hematopoietic, cardiac, & CNS

35
Q

what is seen on radiographs in an animal with zinc toxicosis?

A

radiodense foreign bodies

36
Q

what is seen on CBC from an animal with zinc toxicosis?

A

anemia, spherocytes, & heinz body formation

37
Q

how is zinc toxicosis diagnosed?

A

blood zinc concentration

38
Q

how is zinc toxicosis treated?

A

remove zinc source, diuresis, supportive care

39
Q

what is the pathophysiology of zinc toxicosis?

A

low gastric ph causes release of caustic zinc salts which irritate & interfere with cellular metabolism

40
Q

T/F: zinc is an essential trace mineral

A

TRUE

41
Q

what household items is zinc found in?

A

household coatings, supplements, batteries, paints, & creams

42
Q

what is the prognosis of zinc toxicosis?

A

usually good outcome if properly addressed

43
Q

what animals are most often affected by fluoride toxicosis?

A

most often in livestock & poultry

44
Q

what acute signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?

A

salivation/sweating, restlessness, anorexia/gastroenteritis, muscle weakness/stiffness, dyspnea, ventricular tachycardia, clonic convulsions, depression, & death

45
Q

what chronic signs are seen with fluoride toxicosis?

A

poor weight gain/unthrifty, on dental, mottled chalky pitted & stained enamel & uneven wear, & skeletal: stiffness, severe lameness, abnormal hoof growth, exostoses, & periosteal hyperostosis on ribs

46
Q

what body systems are affected by fluoride toxicosis?

A

affects gi tract, dental, & skeletal systems

47
Q

what is seen on radiographs from an animal with fluoride toxicosis?

A

periosteal hyperostosis & exostoses

48
Q

how is fluoride toxicosis diagnosed?

A

history of exposure/clinical signs, urinary & serum fluoride concentrations (tricky because of rapid elimination)

49
Q

what treatment is used for acute fluoride toxicosis?

A

decrease absorption via IV calcium gluconate or oral magnesium hydroxide or milk

50
Q

what treatment is used for chronic fluoride toxicosis?

A

no treatment

51
Q

what is the pathophysiology of fluoride toxicosis?

A

fluoride alters intracellular metabolism of essential metals such as mg, mn, fe, cu, & zn

52
Q

how is fluoride toxicosis prevented?

A

supplement animals with calcium carbonate, aluminum salts, magnesium metasilicate, or boron to decrease absorption & increase excretion

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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