Exotics Top Topics - Camelids Top 6 Diseases Flashcards
what are the most common congenital/inherited diseases of camelids?
atresia ani, choanal atresia, & wry face
what is the classic case presentation of atresia ani?
tenesmus in a newborn, abdominal pain, & abdominal distension
what is the classic case presentation of choanal atresia?
very common - unilateral or bilateral, respiratory distress in a neonate especially when nursing, & aspiration pneumonia
what is the classic case presentation of wry face?
laterally deviated maxilla, dental malocclusion, tear staining due to obstruction of nasolacrimal duct, and potentially nasal occlusion
how is atresia ani diagnosed?
failure of dorsal membrane between the rectum & anus to rupture during development
how is choanal atresia diagnosed?
choane fail to open during embryonic development
how are the most common inherited/congenital disorders of camelids prevented?
do not breed affected animals or parents of affected animals
how are the most common inherited/congenital disorders of camelids treated?
not treated because rarely successful - euthanasia
what two inherited/congenital disorders can occur together in camelids?
choanal atresia & wry face
what defects are fairly common in south american camelids?
urogenital, ocular, & cardiac
what is the purpose of C1?
fermentation compartment, esophageal groove present, together with C2 similar to rumenoreticulum in ruminants
what is the purpose of C2?
smallest compartment, mostly glandular epithelium, & divisions that form a reticular pattern
what is the purpose of C3?
mostly glandular, distal 5th secretes acid similar to a monogastric stomach/abomasum, & fluid reabsorption
what is the classic case presentation of gastric ulcers in camelids?
decreased appetite, colic, frequent kushing, depression, melena, hypersalivation, & bruxism
how are gastric ulcers diagnosed in camelids?
usually occur in distal C3 or proximal duodenum - presumptive diagnosis based on history & clinical signs
how are gastric ulcers in camelids treated?
oral meds are generally unsuccessful, parenteral omeprazole, parenteral abx, & stress reduction
when do clinical signs related to gastric ulcers in camelids usually occur?
3-5 days after stressful event
T/F: gastric ulcers of camelids are likely stress-related to things such as environmental changes, isolation, injury, or illness
TRUE
what is the classic case presentation of mites in camelids?
alopeica (especially between the toes with chorioptic mange), pruritus, hyperkeratosis, & scaling
what is the classic case presentation lice in camelids?
biting lice - ragged fiber coat with matting/fiber loss, rubbing against fences/trees due to pruritus, & scaling around base of tail/sides of neck/sides of body
what is the classic case presentation of sucking lice in camelids?
anemia, pruritus, & scaling around the flanks, head, neck, & withers
what is the classic case presentation of ticks in camelids?
lower motor neuron paralysis (flaccid), horner syndrome, & head tilt/nystagmus
what mites often affect camelids? how are they diagnosed?
sarcoptes, psoroptes, & chorioptes - deep skin scrapes or biopsy
what lice affect camelids? how are they diagnosed?
damalinia breviceps (biting) & microthoracius cameli (sucking) - remove with transparent tape & observe with magnifying glass or microscope
how are mites on camelids treated?
parenteral ivermectin every 10-14 days, chorioptes/sarcoptes may require additional topical therapy, prevention includes treating new herd additions & animals returning from travel
how are sucking lice treated in camelids? how are biting lice treated in camelids? how are they prevented?
sucking: parenteral ivermectin, biting: topical synthetic pyrethrins, & prevention is the same used for mites
how are ticks on camelids treated?
manual removal, pyrethrin spray, & ivermectin
why are topical products not as helpful for ectoparasites on llamas/alpacas?
they don’t contain lanolin which hinders the spread of topical products
what is the classic case of mycoplasmosis in camelids?
pale mucus membranes, chronic weight loss, lethargy, & depression
what is the etiology of mycoplasmosis in camelids?
mycoplasma haemolamae
how is mycoplasmosis in camelids diagnosed?
anemia, organisms visualized on blood smear, & PCR
how is mycoplasmosis in camelids treated?
long acting tetracyclines
how is mycoplasmosis transmitted in camelids?
insects, contaminated needles, & transplacental
T/F: a chronic carrier state of mycoplasmosis is common in camelids once they are infected
TRUE
T/F: many camelids are infected with mycoplasmosis but they only become clinical after stress or immunosuppression
TRUE
what is the classic case presentation of coccidiosis in camelids?
diarrhea, weight loss, lethargy/weakness, depression, colic, tachycardia, ascites, neuro signs secondary to cerebral edema, & sudden death
what is the etiology of coccidiosis in camelids? how is it diagnosed?
eimeria macusaniensis (large coccidiosis) - multiple sugar fecal floats, hypoproteinemia, & hypoalbuminemia
how is coccidiosis in camelids treated?
oral ponazuril & parenteral sulfadimethoxine
what is the most pathogenic coccidia in camelids?
e. macusaniensis
what is the classic case presentation of hepatic lipidosis in camelids?
anorexia/weight loss, icterus, depression/lethargy, ascites, diarrhea, hepatic encephalopathy, recumbency, & sudden death
what lab values are elevated in camelids with hepatic lipidosis?
non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, bile acids, GGT, SDH, AST, bilirubin, ammonia, & sometimes BUN/creatinine
what lab values are decreased in camelids with hepatic lipidosis?
albumin, total protein, glucose
how is hepatic lipidosis in camelids diagnosed?
liver biopsy is definitive
what supportive care is used for camelids with hepatic lipidosis?
iv fluids, glucose, analgesia, parenteral omeprazole, provide a companion animal, & frequent walks
what nutritional support is used for camelids with hepatic lipidosis?
increase oral food/fluid intake (high carb low fat), for severe cases, tube feeding, parenteral (must have higher concentrations of amino acids than other species), & yogurt
how is hepatic lipidosis prevented in camelids?
check BCS 4-6 times a year, check pregnant/lactating females monthly, regular forage testing, clostridial vaccination, & make sure food intake is adequate in sick animals
hepatic lipidosis in camelids is associated with what type of diet?
diet high in mature grass forage
T/F: hepatic lipidosis in camelids may be stress related from things such as illness, isolation, & pregnancy
TRUE
T/F: in a camelid with hepatic lipidosis, continuous rise of BUN & creatinine in spite of supportive care are poor prognostic indicators
TRUE
what is the prognosis of hepatic lipidosis in camelids?
guarded - recovery may take weeks to months
