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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Canine Top Twenty Diseases - Part 3 > Flashcards

Canine Top Twenty Diseases - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of ethylene glycol toxicity at 1-2 hours post-ingestion? what about 24-72 hours?

A

1-2 hours: stupor, stumbling, ataxia, nausea, PU/PD

24-72 hours: clinical signs related to renal failure such as anorexia, lethargy, PU/PD, & vomiting

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2
Q

when can an ethylene glycol test be used to diagnose an animal with toxicity?

A

detects it 30 minutes to 12 hours after ingestion

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3
Q

what crystals shown in the photo are seen with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

left crystal ‘dumbbell’ - calcium oxalate monohydrate

right smaller crystal that looks like an envelope - calcium oxalate dehydrate crystal

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4
Q

what lab abnormalities are seen on urinalysis & biochemistry panels of dogs with ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

urinalysis - isosthenuria as renal failure develops & calcium oxalate crystals seen 3-18 hours after ingestion

chemistry panel - high anion gap metabolic acidosis, azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, & hyperglycemia

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5
Q

when is the best window for treatment in ethylene glycol toxicity cases?

A

less than 8-12 hours post ingestion

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6
Q

what treatment is used for ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

decontamination - emesis, activated charcoal (need a lot because ethylene glycol has a low affinity for it)

fomepizole - prevents conversion to toxic metabolites

7% ethanol solution parenterally

supportive care - fluids, or hemodialysis/peritoneal dialysis if oliguria/anuria are present

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7
Q

what is the prognosis of ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

fair to good if aggressive intervention occurs within 8-12 hours of ingestion - otherwise poor

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8
Q

what are some reasons a dog may have a false positive ethylene glycol test?

A

propylene glycol or glycerol in activated charcoal, semi-moist dog foods, or injectable diazepam

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9
Q

what is the possible breed disposition of parvo?

A

dobermans, rottweilers, pit bulls, german shepherds, & dachshunds

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10
Q

what is the classic case presentation of parvo?

A

puppies less than 8 months old & unvaccinated adults - vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, lethargy, & inappetence

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11
Q

what is the etiology of parvo?

A

non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus

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12
Q

what is seen on a CBC & chemistry in dogs with parvo?

A

CBC - leukopenia/neutropenia

chemistry - hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, pre-renal azotemia

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13
Q

how is parvo diagnosed?

A

fecal ELISA test - screen for concurrent worms

suspected lab findings - leukopenia/hypoalbuminemia/hypoglycemia

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14
Q

what treatment is used for parvo?

A

fluid therapy, IV - + KCL/dextrose if needed or colloids

broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotics -ampicillin, cephalosporin, unasyn)

empirical deworming

nutritional support - trickle feeding if vomiting is controlled or parenteral if enteral trickle enteral isn’t tolerated

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15
Q

when may false positives/negatives be seen on parvo ELISA tests?

A

false positives - 5-15 days after vaccination

false negatives - if tested too early in the disease course

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of parvovirus? what are the most common strains? why does disinfection have to be so intense?

A

virus attacks the small intestinal crypt cells, lymphopoietic tissue, & bone marrow leading to chronic small intestinal villous blunting

CPV-2b most common in USA & CPV-2c is becoming more common

virus is very resistant - clean & then use bleach solution to kill the virus

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17
Q

what is the classic case presentation of gastric torsion/volvulus?

A

older, giant or large breed dog with a narrow/deep chest cavity

abdominal distension (can ping like a cow with a displaced abomasum), unproductive retching, ptyalism, discomfort, restlessness, & collapse

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18
Q

what radiographic view is taken to diagnose GDV? what is seen on radiographs to diagnose gastric torsion/volvulus?

A

right lateral of the abdomen

gas distended pylorus cranial to the fundus - double bubble or smurf hat

use a DV if necessary - not a VD

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19
Q

why use a DV over a VD in a dog with possible GDV?

A

a VD can cause aspiration

20
Q

what lab findings may be seen in dogs with a GDV?

A

hemoconcentration, increased lactate, & +/- DIC

21
Q

what treatment is critical to start for a GDV dog prior to radiographs?

A

large bore IV catheters & fluids

22
Q

what treatment is used for GDV?

A

iv fluids

decompression of the stomach - trocharization or pass an NG tube

pain meds - opioids

surgery - further decompression & de-rotation, gastropexy, +/- gastric resection/splenectomy

post op - fluids, analgesia, abx, gastric acid reducers, monitor for arrhythmias (ventricular most common), & pro-gi motility meds

23
Q

what factors are associated with a poorer prognosis in GDV cases?

A

gastric necrosis

pre-op lactate level greater than 6 mmol/L

greater than 5 hour lag time from onset to evaluation

24
Q

what is the classic case presentation of hypothyroidism?

A

mid to large sized middle aged dog - weight gain, lethargy, lameness, alopecia (rat tail/thin hair/truncal symmetrical), cold intolerance, uncommon neurologic signs, & myxedema coma (rare)

25
Q

what is seen on a CBC/chem of a hypothyroid dog?

A

CBC - mild non-regenerative anemia

chemistry - hyperlipidemia (both cholesterol & triglycerides)

26
Q

how is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

A

total T4 - typically low but may be low-normal if autoantibodies are present

free T4 by equilibrium dialysis measures metabolically available T4 (low confirms hypothyroid & rules out euthyroid sick)

TSH - normal to increased

serum thyroglobulin autoantibodies increased in lymphocytic thyroiditis

27
Q

what test would you run to rule out euthyroid sick syndrome from hypothyroidism?

A

free T4 - measures the metabolically available T4, so if it is low, confirms hypothyroidism & rules out euthyroid sick syndrome

28
Q

what treatment is used for hypothyroidism?

A

oral T4 - levothyroxine sodium

IV T4 for myxedema coma

29
Q

what is euthyroid sick syndrome?

A

when other disease processes cause lower T4 levels

30
Q

what is the classic case presentation of cataracts?

A

cloudy white pupil & decreased vision

31
Q

what is the classic case presentation of cherry eye?

A

young (less than 2 years) - english bulldog, beagle, shih tzu, cocker spaniels predisposed

smooth, moist, reddish-pink mass at the medial canthus

32
Q

what is the classic case presentation of uveitis?

A

conjunctival hyperemia, photophobia, blepharospasm, aqueous flare, iris color change, & midrange to miotic pupils

33
Q

what is the classic case presentation of glaucoma?

A

big blue eye (buphthalmos)

visual impairment & tortuous episcleral vessels

34
Q

how are cataracts diagnosed?

A

ophthalmic exam

blood & urine glucose (rule out diabetes mellitus)

ocular ultrasound & electroretinography

35
Q

how is uveitis diagnosed?

A

tonometry to measure intra-ocular pressures

less than 10 mmHg - consistent with uveitis

greater than 30 mmHg - consistent with uveitis secondary to glaucoma or just secondary to uveitis

systemic work up for underlying cause - CBC, chem, imaging

36
Q

how is glaucoma diagnosed?

A

tonometry - IOP over 30 mmHg

gonioscopy - visualization of the iridocorneal angle

ocular ultrasound - evaluate deeper ocular structures

37
Q

how are cataracts treated?

A

cataract surgery by experienced/boarded vet ophthalmologist

38
Q

how is cherry eye treated?

A

surgical replacement of the gland of the 3rd eyelid

39
Q

how is uveitis treated?

A

topical & systemic steroids or NSAIDS - unless secondary to protozoal/fungal infection or corneal ulceration

topical atropine to decrease pain of iridocyclospasm

treat underlying cause

40
Q

how is acute glaucoma treated?

A

decrease IOP & pain - topical or systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, topical beta-adrenergic antagonist or blocker, mannitol, +/- topical or systemic steroids

41
Q

how is chronic glaucoma treated?

A

topical prostaglandins or surgery to enucleate the eye

42
Q

what endocrine disease can cataracts be associated with?

A

diabetes mellitus

43
Q

what is the prognosis of cataracts with surgical intervention?

A

good to excellent

44
Q

what is the prognosis of cherry eye? when should the 3rd eyelid be removed?

A

good to excellent with surgery

removal of the 3rd eyelid should only be done if cancerous because of high risk of lifelong KCS if removed

45
Q

T/F: more than 50% of cases of uveitis are idiopathic

A

true

46
Q

why treat the contralateral eye or a blind eye with glaucoma?

A

need to treat the contralateral eye prophylactically with IOP reducing meds

even if the eye is blind, you still need to treat the eye to address pain!!!

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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