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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Canine Top Twenty Diseases - Part 2 > Flashcards

Canine Top Twenty Diseases - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of canine heart failure?

A

coughing, exercise intolerance, abdominal distension, harsh lung sounds +/- crackles, & +/- heart murmur/arrhythmia

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2
Q

what is seen on thoracic radiographs in a dog with heart failure?

A

heart enlargement

enlarged pulmonary veins

interstitial to alveolar pulmonary pattern in caudodorsal lung fields

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3
Q

what is seen on echocardiogram in a dog with heart failure?

A

left atrial +/- left ventricular enlargement causing pulmonary edema

+/- poor contractility

valvular insufficiency

right atrial & ventricular dilation causing ascites

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4
Q

how is heart failure diagnosed?

A

thoracic radiographs & echocardiogram

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5
Q

what treatment is used for acute heart failure?

A

diuretics - furosemide

oxygen therapy - nasal cannula or cage

positive inotrope & vasodilator - pimobendan

decrease stress - mild sedation if needed

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6
Q

what treatment is used for chronic heart failure?

A

diuretics - furosemide

positive inotrope & vasodilator - pimobendan

ACE inhibitor

restrict exercise & dietary salt

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7
Q

what is the prognosis for heart failure?

A

guarded prognosis

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8
Q

this echocardiogram was performed on a dog in heart failure due to DCM - what chambers of the heart are enlarged suggestive of this disease?

A

marked left atrial & left ventricular dilation

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9
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with heartworm disease?

A

cough/exercise intolerance

abdominal distension

weight loss/poor body condition

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10
Q

why may a heartworm positive dog have a false negative antigen SNAP test?

A

antigen/antibody complex formation

no adult female worms - immature females or males on

light parasite load

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11
Q

how does the SNAP heartworm test work?

A

detects antigen/protein secreted by adult female worms 5 months post infection

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12
Q

what annual screening is recommended for heartworm disease?

A

annual antigen SNAP test

annual microfilaria - modified knotts, filter test, or direct smear of anti-coagulated blood

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13
Q

what is seen on thoracic radiographs in a heartworm positive dog?

A

enlarged, tortuous, blunted pulmonary arteries

pulmonary parenchymal disease

right-sided heart enlargement

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14
Q

what is seen on an echocardiogram in a heartworm positive dog?

A

pulmonary artery dilation

right heart dilation

visible heartworms in the pulmonary artery

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15
Q

what is caval syndrome?

A

heartworms are visible in the right ventricle +/- right atrium

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16
Q

why is doxycycline used as a part of heartworm treatment?

A

doxycycline reduces wolbachia, intracellular bacteria that is necessary for worm survival, so it makes worms more susceptible for treatment

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17
Q

T/F: 7% of heartworm infected dogs are negative on SNAP test but are positive for microfilaria

A

true

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18
Q

when is surgery indicated for a heartworm positive dog?

A

caval syndrome - surgical extraction of worms

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19
Q

in treating heartworms, what medication must be given daily for 30 days prior to starting adulticide therapy?

A

doxycycline

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20
Q

what therapy is started 2 months prior to adulticide when treating heartworms? why?

A

heartworm prevention - macrocyclic lactones

used to prevent new infections & to eliminate susceptible larvae/microfilaria - pretreat with diphenhydramine & corticosteroids if microfilaria positive)

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21
Q

what medication is used for adulticidal therapy for heartworms?

A

melarsomine dihydrochloride

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22
Q

what is the protocol for adulticidal therapy for heartworms?

A

3 dose protocol:

IM once - wait 1 month, then 2 doses given 24 hours apart

kills 98% of heartworms - strict exercise restriction during adulticidal therapy & continuing for 6-8 weeks after

23
Q

why are corticosteroids used for treating heartworm infections?

A

tapering anti-inflammatory dose to control clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism

start 1-2 months prior to adulticidal therapy if the animal is symptomatic or microfilaria positive

24
Q

what is the prognosis for dogs with heartworms?

A

good to guarded depending on the severity

poor to grave for dogs with caval syndrome

25
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a dog with a pyometra?

A

intact, middle aged female that is 3-4 weeks post-estrus

+/- mucoid, purulent, or hemorrhagic vulvar discharge, PU/PD, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, & an enlarged, palpable uterus

26
Q

what is seen on abdominal radiographs that is seen with pyometra?

A

distended, tubular, enlarged, fluid-filled uterus

27
Q

what is seen on vaginal cytology with pyometra?

A

degenerative neutrophils +/- phagocytized bacteria

28
Q

how is ultrasound used to diagnose pyometra?

A

differentiates between pyometra & pregnancy

29
Q

what treatment is used for pyometra?

A

stabilization - IV fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics, & analgesia

surgery - emergency OHE, main choice for animals not intended for breeding

medical - option for young breeding animals, so referral is recommended

30
Q

what is the prognosis of pyometra?

A

guarded to good if uterus is intact

31
Q

T/F: for any systemically ill intact female dog, pyometra should be ruled out

A

true

32
Q

what is the classic case presentation of flea allergy dermatitis?

A

acute onset of moderate to severe pruritus that is more common in warmer seasons but can be year round

excessive self-grooming & hair loss especially on the rear half of the body

+/- visible fleas

33
Q

how is flea allergy dermatitis diagnosed?

A

history & physical exam

flea comb to find fleas/flea dirt

positive response to flea eradication

34
Q

what treatment is used for acute flea allergy dermatitis?

A

tapering dose of steroids for pruritus

topical/oral flea adulticide

35
Q

what treatment is used for chronic flea allergy dermatitis?

A

ongoing use of oral/topical flea adulticide

oral monthly flea development inhibitors - lufenuron

environmental control - frequent vacuuming & removal of outdoor organic debris

36
Q

T/F: 15% of dogs with flea allergy dermatitis do not have evidence of fleas upon presentation

A

true

37
Q

what is the classic case presentation of hip dysplasia?

A

‘bunny hopping’ gait, lameness, difficulty rising, & a positive ortolani sign indicating hip laxity

38
Q

what dogs are most commonly affected by panosteitis, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, & OCD?

A

young medium to giant breeds - most common in males with acute lameness & a fever

39
Q

what is the classic case presentation of panosteitis?

A

acute lameness, fever, & pain in the long bones

40
Q

what is the classic case presentation of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

A

acute lameness, fever, swollen & warm distal limbs, & metaphyseal pain

41
Q

what is the classic case presentation of legge-perthes disease (avascular necrosis of the femoral head)?

A

3-12 month old small or toy breed dogs with pelvic limb lameness

42
Q

what is seen on radiographs of hip dysplasia?

A

shallow acetabulum

flattening of the femoral head

<50% of the femoral head is covered by the acetabular rim

thickened femoral neck

43
Q

what is seen on radiographs of panosteitis?

A

multiple long bones have an increased medullary opacity & periosteal new bone formation

44
Q

what is seen on radiographs/CT of OCD?

A

flattening of subchondral bone, joint mouse, joint effusion

always image both limbs!!!

45
Q

what is seen on radiographs of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

loss of bone opacity at the femoral epiphysis with a moth eaten appearance of the femoral head & neck

46
Q

what treatment is used for hip dysplasia?

A

medical - NSAIDS, weight loss, & joint supplements

surgical - triple pelvic osteotomy, FHO, & THR

47
Q

what treatment is used for panosteitis & hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

A

anaglesia

48
Q

what treatment is used for OCD?

A

surgical debridement

medical therapy with joint supplements/analgesia

49
Q

what treatment is used for avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

FHO or total hip replacement

analgesia

50
Q

what radiographic method is most accurate for diagnosing hip dysplasia at a younger age?

A

PennHip is more accurate than the OFA method

51
Q

how is OCD prevented?

A

avoid excessive food, calcium, & vitamin D supplements

52
Q

what is the prognosis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

good to excellent with surgery

53
Q

what is the prognosis of panosteitis & hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

A

excellent but flare ups may occur & repeat radiography may be necessary to diagnose

54
Q

what is seen on radiographs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

A

double physeal line

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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