Canine Top Twenty Diseases - Part 2 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of canine heart failure?
coughing, exercise intolerance, abdominal distension, harsh lung sounds +/- crackles, & +/- heart murmur/arrhythmia
what is seen on thoracic radiographs in a dog with heart failure?
heart enlargement
enlarged pulmonary veins
interstitial to alveolar pulmonary pattern in caudodorsal lung fields
what is seen on echocardiogram in a dog with heart failure?
left atrial +/- left ventricular enlargement causing pulmonary edema
+/- poor contractility
valvular insufficiency
right atrial & ventricular dilation causing ascites
how is heart failure diagnosed?
thoracic radiographs & echocardiogram
what treatment is used for acute heart failure?
diuretics - furosemide
oxygen therapy - nasal cannula or cage
positive inotrope & vasodilator - pimobendan
decrease stress - mild sedation if needed
what treatment is used for chronic heart failure?
diuretics - furosemide
positive inotrope & vasodilator - pimobendan
ACE inhibitor
restrict exercise & dietary salt
what is the prognosis for heart failure?
guarded prognosis
this echocardiogram was performed on a dog in heart failure due to DCM - what chambers of the heart are enlarged suggestive of this disease?
marked left atrial & left ventricular dilation
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with heartworm disease?
cough/exercise intolerance
abdominal distension
weight loss/poor body condition
why may a heartworm positive dog have a false negative antigen SNAP test?
antigen/antibody complex formation
no adult female worms - immature females or males on
light parasite load
how does the SNAP heartworm test work?
detects antigen/protein secreted by adult female worms 5 months post infection
what annual screening is recommended for heartworm disease?
annual antigen SNAP test
annual microfilaria - modified knotts, filter test, or direct smear of anti-coagulated blood
what is seen on thoracic radiographs in a heartworm positive dog?
enlarged, tortuous, blunted pulmonary arteries
pulmonary parenchymal disease
right-sided heart enlargement
what is seen on an echocardiogram in a heartworm positive dog?
pulmonary artery dilation
right heart dilation
visible heartworms in the pulmonary artery
what is caval syndrome?
heartworms are visible in the right ventricle +/- right atrium
why is doxycycline used as a part of heartworm treatment?
doxycycline reduces wolbachia, intracellular bacteria that is necessary for worm survival, so it makes worms more susceptible for treatment
T/F: 7% of heartworm infected dogs are negative on SNAP test but are positive for microfilaria
true
when is surgery indicated for a heartworm positive dog?
caval syndrome - surgical extraction of worms
in treating heartworms, what medication must be given daily for 30 days prior to starting adulticide therapy?
doxycycline
what therapy is started 2 months prior to adulticide when treating heartworms? why?
heartworm prevention - macrocyclic lactones
used to prevent new infections & to eliminate susceptible larvae/microfilaria - pretreat with diphenhydramine & corticosteroids if microfilaria positive)
what medication is used for adulticidal therapy for heartworms?
melarsomine dihydrochloride
what is the protocol for adulticidal therapy for heartworms?
3 dose protocol:
IM once - wait 1 month, then 2 doses given 24 hours apart
kills 98% of heartworms - strict exercise restriction during adulticidal therapy & continuing for 6-8 weeks after
why are corticosteroids used for treating heartworm infections?
tapering anti-inflammatory dose to control clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism
start 1-2 months prior to adulticidal therapy if the animal is symptomatic or microfilaria positive
what is the prognosis for dogs with heartworms?
good to guarded depending on the severity
poor to grave for dogs with caval syndrome
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with a pyometra?
intact, middle aged female that is 3-4 weeks post-estrus
+/- mucoid, purulent, or hemorrhagic vulvar discharge, PU/PD, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, & an enlarged, palpable uterus
what is seen on abdominal radiographs that is seen with pyometra?
distended, tubular, enlarged, fluid-filled uterus
what is seen on vaginal cytology with pyometra?
degenerative neutrophils +/- phagocytized bacteria
how is ultrasound used to diagnose pyometra?
differentiates between pyometra & pregnancy
what treatment is used for pyometra?
stabilization - IV fluids, broad spectrum antibiotics, & analgesia
surgery - emergency OHE, main choice for animals not intended for breeding
medical - option for young breeding animals, so referral is recommended
what is the prognosis of pyometra?
guarded to good if uterus is intact
T/F: for any systemically ill intact female dog, pyometra should be ruled out
true
what is the classic case presentation of flea allergy dermatitis?
acute onset of moderate to severe pruritus that is more common in warmer seasons but can be year round
excessive self-grooming & hair loss especially on the rear half of the body
+/- visible fleas
how is flea allergy dermatitis diagnosed?
history & physical exam
flea comb to find fleas/flea dirt
positive response to flea eradication
what treatment is used for acute flea allergy dermatitis?
tapering dose of steroids for pruritus
topical/oral flea adulticide
what treatment is used for chronic flea allergy dermatitis?
ongoing use of oral/topical flea adulticide
oral monthly flea development inhibitors - lufenuron
environmental control - frequent vacuuming & removal of outdoor organic debris
T/F: 15% of dogs with flea allergy dermatitis do not have evidence of fleas upon presentation
true
what is the classic case presentation of hip dysplasia?
‘bunny hopping’ gait, lameness, difficulty rising, & a positive ortolani sign indicating hip laxity
what dogs are most commonly affected by panosteitis, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, & OCD?
young medium to giant breeds - most common in males with acute lameness & a fever
what is the classic case presentation of panosteitis?
acute lameness, fever, & pain in the long bones
what is the classic case presentation of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
acute lameness, fever, swollen & warm distal limbs, & metaphyseal pain
what is the classic case presentation of legge-perthes disease (avascular necrosis of the femoral head)?
3-12 month old small or toy breed dogs with pelvic limb lameness
what is seen on radiographs of hip dysplasia?
shallow acetabulum
flattening of the femoral head
<50% of the femoral head is covered by the acetabular rim
thickened femoral neck
what is seen on radiographs of panosteitis?
multiple long bones have an increased medullary opacity & periosteal new bone formation
what is seen on radiographs/CT of OCD?
flattening of subchondral bone, joint mouse, joint effusion
always image both limbs!!!
what is seen on radiographs of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
loss of bone opacity at the femoral epiphysis with a moth eaten appearance of the femoral head & neck
what treatment is used for hip dysplasia?
medical - NSAIDS, weight loss, & joint supplements
surgical - triple pelvic osteotomy, FHO, & THR
what treatment is used for panosteitis & hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
anaglesia
what treatment is used for OCD?
surgical debridement
medical therapy with joint supplements/analgesia
what treatment is used for avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
FHO or total hip replacement
analgesia
what radiographic method is most accurate for diagnosing hip dysplasia at a younger age?
PennHip is more accurate than the OFA method
how is OCD prevented?
avoid excessive food, calcium, & vitamin D supplements
what is the prognosis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head?
good to excellent with surgery
what is the prognosis of panosteitis & hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
excellent but flare ups may occur & repeat radiography may be necessary to diagnose
what is seen on radiographs of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?
double physeal line
