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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Top 10 Tickborne Diseases Part 1 > Flashcards

Cross Species - Top 10 Tickborne Diseases Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of canine lyme arthropathy?

A

lethargy, anorexia, fever, lymphadenopathy, & joint pain +/- swelling

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of canine lyme nephropathy?

A

peripheral edema/ascites, dyspnea, retinal detachment or hemorrhage secondary to hypertension, & paraparesis with cool pelvic limbs & loss of femoral pulses due to saddle thrombus

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3
Q

what are the breeds that are predisposed to lyme nephropathy?

A

labs, goldens, & shetland shepdogs

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4
Q

what is the preferred host for larval ixodes ticks & major reservoir for borrelia burgdorferi?

A

white-footed mouse

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5
Q

what are the 3 documented syndromes of lyme borreliosis in horses?

A

uveitis

neuroborreliosis - ataxia, cranial nerve deficits, poor tongue tone, muzzle tremors

pseudolymphoma

unproven but often diagnosed classic lyme borreliosis - muscle atrophy, spooking, & anorexia/weight loss

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6
Q

what is the etiology of lyme disease?

A

borrelia burgdorferi

tick vector - ixodes species

reservoir - white-footed mouse

pathogenesis - thought to be immune-mediated

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7
Q

how is lyme disease diagnosed in dogs?

A

snap 4DX plus test for C6 peptide that indicates natural exposure

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8
Q

what is seen on labwork in dogs with lyme nephropathy?

A

hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria with microalbuminemia, elevated protean:creatinine ratio

+/- glucosuria, hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, anemia, & thrombocytopenia

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9
Q

how is lyme disease diagnosed in horses?

A

CSF serum ratio using a lyme multiplex (detects 3 different antibodies) is sometimes suggestive but only post-mortem is definitive

serology - lyme multiplex is the best option, C6 ELISA antibody is used but a lot of false positives/negatives

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10
Q

is serology alone diagnostic of lyme disease in horses? why?

A

no - only indicates exposure

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11
Q

should you treat a dog for lyme disease if they are asymptomatic but have positive titers?

A

nope

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12
Q

what treatment is used for equine lyme?

A

doxycycline or minocycline

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13
Q

what treatment is used for canine lyme disease? what about lyme nephropathy?

A

general - doxycycline or amoxicillin for 28 days, immunosuppression may be necessary

lyme nephropathy - ace inhibitor, lose-dose aspirin, & omega-3 fatty acids

tick prevention

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14
Q

what is the prognosis for canine lyme arthritis? what about canine lyme arthropathy?

A

arthritis - good

nephropathy - guarded to poor

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15
Q

what is the prognosis of lyme disease in horses?

A

uveitis - poor

neuroborreliosis - poor

pseudolymphoma - good

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16
Q

in dogs, what other concurrent tickborne infections are common along with lyme?

A

anaplasmosis, rocky mountain, & erhlichiosis

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17
Q

what dog breeds may be predisposed to anaplasmosis?

A

labs & goldens

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18
Q

what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in dogs?

A

lethargy, anorexia, lameness/reluctance to walk, joint swelling of the carpi/stifles, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenopathy, & +/- epistaxis/petechiae/hemorrhages

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19
Q

what is the other name for anaplasmosis in horses? what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in horses?

A

equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

more severe in older horses, fever, depression, reluctance to move, peripheral edema, petechiae/ecchymoses, ataxia, & icterus

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20
Q

what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in cows?

A

more severe in older cattle, loss of BCS/milk production, weakness, pale/icteric mucus membranes, & abortion

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21
Q

what is the etiology of anaplasmosis? what are the vectors?

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum (also affects cats, humans, other animals)

main vector - deer ticks (ixodes)

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22
Q

how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in dogs?

A

thrombocytopenia, reactive lymphocytes, arthrocentesis/buffy coat smear showing neutrophils with cytoplasmic morulae

paired IFA titers with 4X increase

snap 4DX plus to detect antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum

PCR may be negative in chronic carriers

23
Q

how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in horses?

A

cytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils on blood smear, PCR of whole blood/buffy coat, & paired IFA titers with a 4X increase

24
Q

what is the etiology of anaplasmosis in cows? how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in cows?

A

anaplasma marginale

anemia, giemsa stained blood smears revealing dark blue inclusions on the periphery of erythrocytes, & Msp5 ELISA/CF/ card agglutination may identify carriers

25
Q

how is anaplasmosis treated in dogs, horses, & cows? how is it prevented?

A

dogs - doxycycline or minocycline for 4 weeks (NSAIDS if necessary, but most respond within 2 days of abx)

horses - oxytetracycline for 8 days +/- NSAIDS or short dose of steroids

cows - single injection of long lasting oxytetracycline with another injection 1 week after to eliminate carrier state +/- blood transfusion if necessary

prevention - tick control

26
Q

T/F: 30% of cattle infected with anaplasmosis in a naive herd will usually succumb to the disease

A

true

27
Q

what is the prognosis of anaplasmosis in dogs & horses?

A

good with prompt treatment

28
Q

what is the common signalment of animal affected with cytauxzoonosis? what is the distribution of infection seen?

A

outdoor cats predominantly in south central & southeast US

biphasic waves of infection march-june & then august-september

29
Q

what is the classic case presentation of cytauxzoonosis?

A

acute anorexia/lethargy, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, dyspnea, pale mucus membranes, icterus, seizures, yowling, coma, & death in a few days if left untreated

30
Q

what is the etiology of cytauxzoonosis?

A

cytauxzoon felis

bobcat host

tick vectors - amblyoma americanum or dermacentor variablis

31
Q

what is seen on labwork in a cat with cytauxzoonosis? how is it diagnosed?

A

cbc - leukopenia with toxic neutrophils, thrombocytopenia, & normocytic normochromic anemia

chemistry - hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia, & hyperglycemia

bilirubinuria

positive coomb’s test

cytology of a blood smear or aspirate of bone marrow/lymph node/liver/spleen - round or oval piroplasms & macrophages infected with schizonts

PCR to confirm infection

32
Q

how is cytauxzoonosis treated?

A

iv fluids & blood transfusion

oxygen/avoid stress

antiprotozoal therapy - atovaquone & azithromycin

doxycycline if co-infections with other tick-borne diseases

heparin for DIC

33
Q

how is cytauxzoonosis prevented?

A

keep cats indoors in areas with bobcats

tick prevention

34
Q

what is the prognosis of cytuxzoonosis?

A

65% survival rate seen with aggressive treatment in experimentally infected cats

35
Q

what are poor prognostic factors of cytauxzoonosis?

A

hypothermia, icterus, severely anemia, or non-ambulatory

36
Q

what is the classic case presentation of canine babesiosis?

A
37
Q

what is the classic case presentation of bovine babesiosis?

A
38
Q

what is the classic case presentation of equine babesiosis?

A
39
Q

what is the etiology of babesiosis in dogs, cows, & horses? how is it transmitted?

A

dogs - b. canis vogeli, larger babesia, more risk in greyhounds, b. gibsoni, smaller one that is of greater risk in pitties - blood, ticks, & vertical transmission

cows - b. bigemina & b. bovis (more severe)

horses - b. caballi & theileria equi, spread through various tick vectors & blood contamination

40
Q

how is babesiosis diagnosed in dogs?

A

PCR, cbc (thrombocytopenia, visible organisms on giemsa stained smear, +/- regenerative anemia), hyperglobulinemia/bilirubinemia on chemistry, positive coomb’s test, splenomegaly on rads, & IFA serology greater than 1:64

41
Q

how is babesiosis diagnosed in cows?

A

CBC - anemia, visible organisms on giemsa stained blood smear, hemoglobinemia more severe with b. bigemina

serology with IFA or ELISA

necropsy - marked splenomegaly that is dark & friable & darkened kidneys

42
Q

how is babesiosis diagnosed in horses?

A

intracellular parasites in erythrocytes on blood smears

serology

PCR

43
Q

what treatment is used for canine babesiosis?

A

anemia - blood transfusion/hemoglobin polymer

b canis - imidocarb (pretreat with atropine)
b gibsoni - atovaquone & azithromycin combo

iv fluids

44
Q

what treatment is used for bovine babesiosis?

A

diminazene, imidocarb, blood transfusions for anemia, anti-inflammatories, & IV fluids

45
Q

what treatment is used for equine babesiosis?

A

imidocarb - difficult to clear carrier state

blood transfusion

intranasal oxygen

46
Q

T/F: equine babesiosis is a reportable disease

A

true - considered a foreign animal disease with rare outbreaks in the US

47
Q

what is the most common cause of human babesiosis?

A

b. divergens - very serious in splenectomized individuals

48
Q

what breed of dog is predisposed to a more severe form of ehrlichiosis?

A

german shepherds

49
Q

what is the common clinical case presentation of ehrlichiosis?

A

lethargy, anorexia, severe weight loss, hemorrhages, fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, arthritic lameness, neurologic signs (cerebellar signs, paresis, depression), & pu/pd secondary to glomerulonephritis

50
Q

what is seen on lab work of dogs with ehrlichiosis?

A

cbc - thrombocytopenia, anemia

chemistry - hyperglobulinemia, elevated liver enzymes, azotemia, & hypoalbuminemia

buffy coat may show morulae in mononuclear cells

serology - IFA with 4X increase 2-4 weeks apart is best

in house SNAP may be positive in a clinically normal dog

PCR - may be negative in chronic cases

51
Q

T/F: you should treat all snap positive ehrlichiosis dogs if clinical signs & lab results indicate ehrlichia & all german shepherds regardless of their clinical appearance

A

true

52
Q

how is ehrlichiosis treated? what is not effective for treatment?

A

doxycycline or minocycline for 4 weeks

not effective - imidocarb & enrofloxacin

53
Q

what are some poor prognostic factors for dogs with ehrlichiosis?

A

guarded prognosis - in hemorrhagic dogs

grave prognosis - in dogs with a pancytopenia

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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