Cross Species - Top 10 Tickborne Diseases Part 1 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of canine lyme arthropathy?
lethargy, anorexia, fever, lymphadenopathy, & joint pain +/- swelling
what is the classic case presentation of canine lyme nephropathy?
peripheral edema/ascites, dyspnea, retinal detachment or hemorrhage secondary to hypertension, & paraparesis with cool pelvic limbs & loss of femoral pulses due to saddle thrombus
what are the breeds that are predisposed to lyme nephropathy?
labs, goldens, & shetland shepdogs
what is the preferred host for larval ixodes ticks & major reservoir for borrelia burgdorferi?
white-footed mouse
what are the 3 documented syndromes of lyme borreliosis in horses?
uveitis
neuroborreliosis - ataxia, cranial nerve deficits, poor tongue tone, muzzle tremors
pseudolymphoma
unproven but often diagnosed classic lyme borreliosis - muscle atrophy, spooking, & anorexia/weight loss
what is the etiology of lyme disease?
borrelia burgdorferi
tick vector - ixodes species
reservoir - white-footed mouse
pathogenesis - thought to be immune-mediated
how is lyme disease diagnosed in dogs?
snap 4DX plus test for C6 peptide that indicates natural exposure
what is seen on labwork in dogs with lyme nephropathy?
hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, proteinuria with microalbuminemia, elevated protean:creatinine ratio
+/- glucosuria, hyperphosphatemia, azotemia, anemia, & thrombocytopenia
how is lyme disease diagnosed in horses?
CSF serum ratio using a lyme multiplex (detects 3 different antibodies) is sometimes suggestive but only post-mortem is definitive
serology - lyme multiplex is the best option, C6 ELISA antibody is used but a lot of false positives/negatives
is serology alone diagnostic of lyme disease in horses? why?
no - only indicates exposure
should you treat a dog for lyme disease if they are asymptomatic but have positive titers?
nope
what treatment is used for equine lyme?
doxycycline or minocycline
what treatment is used for canine lyme disease? what about lyme nephropathy?
general - doxycycline or amoxicillin for 28 days, immunosuppression may be necessary
lyme nephropathy - ace inhibitor, lose-dose aspirin, & omega-3 fatty acids
tick prevention
what is the prognosis for canine lyme arthritis? what about canine lyme arthropathy?
arthritis - good
nephropathy - guarded to poor
what is the prognosis of lyme disease in horses?
uveitis - poor
neuroborreliosis - poor
pseudolymphoma - good
in dogs, what other concurrent tickborne infections are common along with lyme?
anaplasmosis, rocky mountain, & erhlichiosis
what dog breeds may be predisposed to anaplasmosis?
labs & goldens
what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in dogs?
lethargy, anorexia, lameness/reluctance to walk, joint swelling of the carpi/stifles, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenopathy, & +/- epistaxis/petechiae/hemorrhages
what is the other name for anaplasmosis in horses? what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in horses?
equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis
more severe in older horses, fever, depression, reluctance to move, peripheral edema, petechiae/ecchymoses, ataxia, & icterus
what is the classic presentation of anaplasmosis in cows?
more severe in older cattle, loss of BCS/milk production, weakness, pale/icteric mucus membranes, & abortion
what is the etiology of anaplasmosis? what are the vectors?
anaplasma phagocytophilum (also affects cats, humans, other animals)
main vector - deer ticks (ixodes)
how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in dogs?
thrombocytopenia, reactive lymphocytes, arthrocentesis/buffy coat smear showing neutrophils with cytoplasmic morulae
paired IFA titers with 4X increase
snap 4DX plus to detect antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum
PCR may be negative in chronic carriers
how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in horses?
cytoplasmic morulae in neutrophils on blood smear, PCR of whole blood/buffy coat, & paired IFA titers with a 4X increase
what is the etiology of anaplasmosis in cows? how is anaplasmosis diagnosed in cows?
anaplasma marginale
anemia, giemsa stained blood smears revealing dark blue inclusions on the periphery of erythrocytes, & Msp5 ELISA/CF/ card agglutination may identify carriers
how is anaplasmosis treated in dogs, horses, & cows? how is it prevented?
dogs - doxycycline or minocycline for 4 weeks (NSAIDS if necessary, but most respond within 2 days of abx)
horses - oxytetracycline for 8 days +/- NSAIDS or short dose of steroids
cows - single injection of long lasting oxytetracycline with another injection 1 week after to eliminate carrier state +/- blood transfusion if necessary
prevention - tick control
T/F: 30% of cattle infected with anaplasmosis in a naive herd will usually succumb to the disease
true
what is the prognosis of anaplasmosis in dogs & horses?
good with prompt treatment
what is the common signalment of animal affected with cytauxzoonosis? what is the distribution of infection seen?
outdoor cats predominantly in south central & southeast US
biphasic waves of infection march-june & then august-september
what is the classic case presentation of cytauxzoonosis?
acute anorexia/lethargy, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, dyspnea, pale mucus membranes, icterus, seizures, yowling, coma, & death in a few days if left untreated
what is the etiology of cytauxzoonosis?
cytauxzoon felis
bobcat host
tick vectors - amblyoma americanum or dermacentor variablis
what is seen on labwork in a cat with cytauxzoonosis? how is it diagnosed?
cbc - leukopenia with toxic neutrophils, thrombocytopenia, & normocytic normochromic anemia
chemistry - hyperbilirubinemia, hypoalbuminemia, & hyperglycemia
bilirubinuria
positive coomb’s test
cytology of a blood smear or aspirate of bone marrow/lymph node/liver/spleen - round or oval piroplasms & macrophages infected with schizonts
PCR to confirm infection
how is cytauxzoonosis treated?
iv fluids & blood transfusion
oxygen/avoid stress
antiprotozoal therapy - atovaquone & azithromycin
doxycycline if co-infections with other tick-borne diseases
heparin for DIC
how is cytauxzoonosis prevented?
keep cats indoors in areas with bobcats
tick prevention
what is the prognosis of cytuxzoonosis?
65% survival rate seen with aggressive treatment in experimentally infected cats
what are poor prognostic factors of cytauxzoonosis?
hypothermia, icterus, severely anemia, or non-ambulatory
what is the classic case presentation of canine babesiosis?
what is the classic case presentation of bovine babesiosis?
what is the classic case presentation of equine babesiosis?
what is the etiology of babesiosis in dogs, cows, & horses? how is it transmitted?
dogs - b. canis vogeli, larger babesia, more risk in greyhounds, b. gibsoni, smaller one that is of greater risk in pitties - blood, ticks, & vertical transmission
cows - b. bigemina & b. bovis (more severe)
horses - b. caballi & theileria equi, spread through various tick vectors & blood contamination
how is babesiosis diagnosed in dogs?
PCR, cbc (thrombocytopenia, visible organisms on giemsa stained smear, +/- regenerative anemia), hyperglobulinemia/bilirubinemia on chemistry, positive coomb’s test, splenomegaly on rads, & IFA serology greater than 1:64
how is babesiosis diagnosed in cows?
CBC - anemia, visible organisms on giemsa stained blood smear, hemoglobinemia more severe with b. bigemina
serology with IFA or ELISA
necropsy - marked splenomegaly that is dark & friable & darkened kidneys
how is babesiosis diagnosed in horses?
intracellular parasites in erythrocytes on blood smears
serology
PCR
what treatment is used for canine babesiosis?
anemia - blood transfusion/hemoglobin polymer
b canis - imidocarb (pretreat with atropine)
b gibsoni - atovaquone & azithromycin combo
iv fluids
what treatment is used for bovine babesiosis?
diminazene, imidocarb, blood transfusions for anemia, anti-inflammatories, & IV fluids
what treatment is used for equine babesiosis?
imidocarb - difficult to clear carrier state
blood transfusion
intranasal oxygen
T/F: equine babesiosis is a reportable disease
true - considered a foreign animal disease with rare outbreaks in the US
what is the most common cause of human babesiosis?
b. divergens - very serious in splenectomized individuals
what breed of dog is predisposed to a more severe form of ehrlichiosis?
german shepherds
what is the common clinical case presentation of ehrlichiosis?
lethargy, anorexia, severe weight loss, hemorrhages, fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, arthritic lameness, neurologic signs (cerebellar signs, paresis, depression), & pu/pd secondary to glomerulonephritis
what is seen on lab work of dogs with ehrlichiosis?
cbc - thrombocytopenia, anemia
chemistry - hyperglobulinemia, elevated liver enzymes, azotemia, & hypoalbuminemia
buffy coat may show morulae in mononuclear cells
serology - IFA with 4X increase 2-4 weeks apart is best
in house SNAP may be positive in a clinically normal dog
PCR - may be negative in chronic cases
T/F: you should treat all snap positive ehrlichiosis dogs if clinical signs & lab results indicate ehrlichia & all german shepherds regardless of their clinical appearance
true
how is ehrlichiosis treated? what is not effective for treatment?
doxycycline or minocycline for 4 weeks
not effective - imidocarb & enrofloxacin
what are some poor prognostic factors for dogs with ehrlichiosis?
guarded prognosis - in hemorrhagic dogs
grave prognosis - in dogs with a pancytopenia
