Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 3 Flashcards
what zoonotic diseases are classified as highest priority (category a) bioterrorism agents?
anthrax, plague, & tularemia
T/F: since 2003, when the first US case of BSE was detected, the prevalence has been less than 1 per million animals
true
what is the common case presentation of BSE?
at least 2 years old due to long incubation period of 2-8 years
ataxia, low head carriage, increased responsiveness to stimuli, & recumbency
BSE is linked to what human disease?
linked to variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease
what clinical signs are seen in humans with BSE?
psychiatric abnormalities, painful sensory signs, ataxia, memory loss, & tremors
what is the etiology of BSE?
BSE prion - infectious protein that converts normal cellular protein into prion copies that is resistant to disinfectatnts
what are the routes of human infection from BSE?
ingestion of BSE prions in animal tissues
blood transfusions
organ transplants
contaminated surgical equipment
how is infection from BSE prevented?
avoid eating prion infected tissue, use biosafety level 3 precautions in necropsies of suspected BSE cows, autopsies of humans with vCJD signs, & labs working with BSE prions
no feeding meat/bone to cattle - banned in 1997
when was the first case of BSE documented?
in the UK in 1986
why was BSE amplified in cattle populations?
their diets were supplemented with meat & bone meal
T/F: BSE is a notifiable disease for OIE
true
what is another name for campylobacteriosis?
virbriosis
what is the classic case of campylobacteriosis in dogs/cats? what about poultry?
puppies/kittens under 6 months - watery diarrhea that may be bloody or have mucus
poultry - most have no clinical signs, but very young chicks can develop enteritis
what is the classic case of campylobacteriosis in pigs? cattle/sheep/goats?
pigs - colitis in weaners
cattle/sheep/goats - important cause of abortion
what clinical signs are seen in humans with vibriosis?
diarrhea that may be bloody, abdominal pain/cramping, & may see nausea/vomiting
what is the etiology of vibriosis? what are the reservoir hosts?
campylobacter jejuni - gram negative spiral bacterial rods with a wide host distribution
reservoir hosts - animals & especially chickens!!
how do humans get vibriosis? how is it prevented?
fecal oral from infected animals or people
ingestion of contaminated meat
PPE & good food safety practices
T/F: c. jejuni is a frequent cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide
true
what is the importance of c. fetus sub species venerealis & c. fetus sub species fetus?
bovine - genital campylobacteriosis
humans - systemic infections in immunocompromised people
what is the classic case presentation of enterohemorrhagic e. coli in animals? what about in people?
animals - most asymptomatic
humans - diarrhea/hemorrhagic colitis & hemolytic uremic syndrome
what is etiology of hemorrhagic e. coli?
gram negative bacterial rod which most are normal intestinal commensal organisms
how is pathogenic e. coli characterized? what about enterohemorrhagic e. coli?
6 pathotypes based on virulence factors
EHEC O157:H7 produces toxins - vero or shiga toxins
T/F: ruminants are maintenance hosts for hemorrhagic e. coli & young animals are more likely to shed
true
how do humans get hemorrhagic e. coli? how is it prevented?
fecal oral through contaminated food/water, contact with animals/feces/soil
PPE & good food safety practices
what is the infectious dose for pathogenic e. coli in humans?
may be as low as 10 organisms
T/F: young ruminants may develop enteritis from non-0157 EHEC
true
what is the classic case presentation of giardiasis in dogs/cats?
weight loss, chronic diarrhea (soft, pale, malodorous, greasy, usually no blood)
may be asymptomatic
what is the classic case presentation of giardiasis in calves?
pasty, fatty, mucoid diarrhea
what is the classic case presentation of giardiasis in humans?
diarrhea, flatulence, greasy stool that can float, nausea, abdominal cramps, & dehydration
what is the etiology of giardiasis? what are the most important reservoirs?
giardia duodenalis protozoan intestinal parasites - genus divided in 7 genetic assemblages (A & B are zoonotic & others are more host specific)
humans most important
T/F: in giardiasis, human to human transmission is more important than zoonotic transmission
true
what is the difference between giardiasis in animals & humans?
giardiasis in humans is a nationally notifiable disease
what is another name for tularemia?
rabbit fever
what are the ways in which humans get giardiasis?
fecal oral with ingestion of cysts
fomites, drinking untreated water from wells, swallowing water while swimming in lakes/rivers, & eating contaminated food
what is the classic case presentation of tularemia in cats?
lymphadenopathy, sometimes suppurative, that may drain
generalized severe illness
may see hepatosplenomegaly & icterus
what is the classic case presentation of tularemia in dogs?
relatively resistant
may see mild illness & spontaneous recovery
what is the classic case presentation of tularemia in sheep?
abortions & weak lambs
what is the classic case presentation of tularemia in wild animals such as rabbits, muskrats, beavers, & voles?
generalized illness due to septicemia, starry sky appearance of liver & spleen due to disseminated necrotic foci, acute death
or may be asymptomatic
what are the 6 forms of tularemia in humans? what is the similarity shared between all forms?
- ulceroglandular - most common
- glandular
- oculoglandular
- oropharyngeal
- pneumonic - most serious form
typhoidal - unlocalized combination of above signs
all are accompanied by a high fever & regional lymphadenopathy
what clinical signs are seen with the ulceroglandular form of tularemia?
skin ulcer at site of entry
headache
what clinical signs are seen with the glandular form of tularemia?
same as ulceroglandular but no ulcers
what clinical signs are seen with the oculoglandular form of tularemia?
eye pain, redness, swelling, & discharge
ulcer inside eyelid may be present
photophobia
what clinical signs are seen with the oropharyngeal form of tularemia?
sore throat, oral ulcers, & tonsilitis
what clinical signs are seen with the pneumonic form of tularemia?
cough, congestion, chest pain, & dyspnea
what clinical signs are seen with the typhoidal form of tularemia?
unlocalized combination of above signs
what is the etiology of tularemia? what are the vectors? reservoir hosts?
francisella tularensis - gram negative coccobacillary bacterium mostly found in the northern hemisphere
vectors - ticks & other arthropods
reservoir - lagomorphs & rodents
what disease can tularemia be clinically indistinguishable from in dogs & cats?
plague - yersinia pestis
what are the routes of transmission & associated syndromes with tularemia?
tick/deer fly bites/dermal contact with infected animals - ulceroglandular, glandular, & typhoidal
ingestion of contaminated food/water - oropharyngeal & typhoidal
inhalation of contaminated aerosols - pneumonic & typhoidal
ocular exposure - oculoglandular & typhoidal
how can you protect yourself from tularemia transmission?
PPE with respiratory protection
T/F: tularemia is a reportable disease in many states & could potentially be used as a biological weapon
true
