Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 5 Flashcards
animals with larval migrans typically present with what clinical signs?
usually just gastroenteritis
what are the 3 clinical syndromes in humans with larval migrans?
- cutaneous - ancylostoma & strongyloides: vermiform rash, intense pruritus, & pain
- visceral - toxocara, baylisascaris, & ascaris suum: depends on organ affected but myocarditis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, & usually seen in 1-4 year old children
- ocular - toxocara & baylisascaris: visual impairment, ocular pain, strabismus, & usually seen in children 7-8 years old
what parasites can cause larval migrans in people?
ancylostoma (hookworms), strongyloides (threadworms), toxocara (dog roundworms), baylisascaris (racoon roundworms), & ascaris suum (pig roundworms)
what precautions can be taken to avoid larval migrans?
avoiding contact of skin with larvae to prevent cutaneous forms or ingestion of eggs or larvae to prevent visceral/ocular forms
what is the most common dermatological problem affecting people who vacation in tropical areas?
cutaneous larval migrans
what causes visceral syndrome?
results from migration of larvae through visceral organs & failure to complete the life cycle
what clinical signs are seen in the furious form of rabies?
restlessness, unprovoked attacks, incoordination, pica, abnormal bellowing in cows
what clinical signs are seen in the dumb form of rabies?
hypersalivation due to inability to swallow, dropped jaw, progressive limb paralysis, coma, & death
what clinical signs are seen in wild mammals with rabies?
loss of fear of humans & nocturnal mammals wandering around during daylight
what clinical signs are seen in humans with rabies?
malaise, fever, headache, pruritus at bite sites, abnormal behavior, sensitivity to light/sound, delirium, difficulty swallowing, pharyngeal spasms
what is the etiology of rabies?
rabies virus - neurotropic virus in genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae
how do humans get rabies?
contact with infectious saliva or neurologic tissues through mucus membranes or broken skin usually do to a bite & infected organ transplants
how are precautions taken for rabies prevention?
avoid bites from infected animals, wear PPE, seek medical care/prophylaxis if exposed, humans at risk of exposure should be vaccinated for rabies & have titers checked every 2 years
what parts of the world have no rabies at all?
uk, australia, new zealand, ireland, japan, parts of scandinavia, singapore, malaysia, & pacific islands (hawaii)
what is the classic case presentation of rocky mountain spotted fever in dogs?
fever, anorexia, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, gi signs, joint/muscle pain, & maybe neuro signs
what is the classic case presentation of rocky mountain spotted fever in humans?
fever, rash, headache, myalgia, & multi-organ involvement
what is the etiology of rocky mountain spotted fever?
rickettsia rickettsii - pleomorphic obligate intracellular gram negative coccobacillus
what may be an amplifying host for rocky mountain spotted fever?
rodents
how is rocky mountain spotted fever spread?
tick bites
dermacentor andersoni - rocky mountain wood tick, most of north america
d. variablis - american dog tick, most of north america
rhipicephalus sanguineus - brown dog tick, arizona & mexico
what precautions are taken when culturing the agent that causes rocky mountain spotted fever?
biosafety level 3 used to culture organisms
where are the majority of cases of rocky mountain spotted fever seen?
NC, OK, AR, TN, & MS
T/F: in humans, if left untreated, rocky mountain spotted fever can cause 85% mortality rate
true
what is the classic case presentation of influenza in birds?
HPAI - coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, hemorrhage, & neuro signs
what is the classic case presentation of influenza in pigs?
coughing, sneezing, fever, conjunctivitis, & oculonasal discharge
what is the classic case presentation of influenza in humans?
fever, lethargy, coughing, nasal discharge, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, & myalgia
what is the etiology of influenza?
influenza a virus - orthomyxovirus
usually host adapted but can occasionally infect additional species
what are the antigens that determine the influenza a viral subtype?
H - hemagglutinating antigen
N - neuraminidase antigen
what animals are hosts for influenza that serve for transmitting influenza to humans?
birds, pigs, & ferrets
how is influenza spread from animal to animal?
fecal-oral route, fomites, & aerosols
how is influenza spread to humans from animals?
close contact with infected animals, aerosols, & fomites
what precautions are taken to prevent influenza infection in humans?
annual vaccination & PPE when handling infected animals (respiratory protection)
what animals have been increasingly recognized as a source of influenza infections?
pigs - H1N1 now circulates seasonally worldwide
T/F: dogs can be infected with H3N2 or H3N8 influenza viruses but there are no reports of humans contracting it from them
true
what is the classic case presentation of listeriosis in ruminants?
encephalitis - brainstem lesions affect cranial nerves leading to circling, nystagmus, facial nerve paralysis, ptyalism
abortion - usually last trimester without any warning signs
what is the classic case presentation of listeriosis in humans?
usually a limited acute febrile gastroenteritis
pregnant women - flu-like illness that may lead to abortion or neonatal sepsis
what is the etiology of listeriosis?
listeria monocytogenes - gram positive, non-spore forming coccobacillus that lives in plant-soil environment & small animal gi tracts worldwide
how do animals get listeriosis?
ingested or inhaled by animals, may enter small wounds in buccal mucosa
how do humans get listeriosis?
ingestion of contaminated food, exposure to infected animals (typically animals that have aborted not those with encephalitis)
how is listeriosis in humans prevented?
PPE when handling infected animals - especially those that have been recently aborted
how can listeriosis be a food borne illness?
problem in uncooked foods because it can grow at normal fridge temps of 40°F
T/F: in ruminants with listeriosis, you are unlikely to see cortical signs of aggression, seizures, or central blindness
true
