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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Blood Gas Analysis > Flashcards

Cross Species - Blood Gas Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference in information obtained from running a blood gas on arterial vs venous blood?

A

arterial - information on pulmonary function through pO2 & pCO2, venous - info on acid-base status

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2
Q

pO2 is only evaluated on what type of blood gas samples?

A

arterial sample

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3
Q

how should a sample be collected for running a blood gas sample?

A

collected into a heparinized syringe & immediately capped to prevent alterations from air exposure - run immediately

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4
Q

how does pCO2 & HCO3 determine pH derangements?

A

pCO2 determines respiratory derangements in pH & HCO3 determines metabolic derangements in pH

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5
Q

what is the normal canine/feline range for pH on a blood gas?

A

7.35-7.45

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6
Q

what is the normal equine range for pH on a blood gas?

A

7.36-7.43

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7
Q

what is the normal bovine range for pH on a blood gas?

A

7.36-7.46

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8
Q

what is the normal canine/feline range for pCO2 on a blood gas?

A

35-45

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9
Q

what is the normal equine range for pCO2 on a blood gas?

A

36-46

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10
Q

what is the normal bovine range for pCO2 on a blood gas?

A

35-44

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11
Q

what is the normal canine/feline range for base excess on a blood gas?

A

plus or minus 6

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12
Q

what is the normal canine/feline range for arterial pO2 on a blood gas?

A

95

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13
Q

what is the normal equine range for HCO3 on a blood gas?

A

24-31

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14
Q

what is the normal equine range for base excess on a blood gas?

A

plus or minus 4

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15
Q

what is the normal equine range for arterial pO2 on a blood gas?

A

94

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16
Q

what is the normal bovine range for arterial pO2 on a blood gas?

A

92

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17
Q

what is the normal bovine range for HCO3 on a blood gas?

A

22-30

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18
Q

what is the normal bovine range for base excess on a blood gas?

A

negative 1.4 to nine

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19
Q

what does a blood gas test measure?

A

pH, pCO2, HCO3, & pO2 only on arterial samples

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20
Q

what is the first step in evaluating blood gas results? what does an increased pH mean? a decreased pH?

A

determine acid-base disturbance by looking at pH - pH under 7.35 is acidemia & over 7.45 is alkalemia

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21
Q

after assessing pH on a blood gas, what do you do next?

A

determine if the primary disturbance is metabolic or respiratory by looking at pCO2 & HCO3

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22
Q

what values indicate a respiratory acidosis on blood gas?

A

pH under 7.35, pCO2 greater than 45

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23
Q

what values indicate a respiratory alkalosis on blood gas?

A

pH greater than 7.45, pCO2 less than 35

24
Q

what values indicate a metabolic acidosis on blood gas?

A

pH less than 7.35, HCO3 less than 20

25
Q

what values indicate a metabolic alkalosis on blood gas?

A

pH greater than 7.45, HCO3 greater than 24 & BE greater than 6

26
Q

how is an anion gap calculated?

A

(Na + K) - (HCO3 + Cl) - it is the difference between unmeasured cations & unmeasured anions

27
Q

what does an increased anion gap indicate?

A

increased unmeasured anions (lactic acid, ketoacids, uremic acids)

28
Q

why is it important to remember that the body NEVER overcompensates when evaluating a blood gas result?

A

a change in pH must be due to the PRIMARY acid-base disturbance

29
Q

what is an example of respiratory compensation in a patient with metabolic acidosis?

A

decreased pCO2

30
Q

T/F: degree of compensation provides information about the chronicity of a primary problem

A

TRUE

31
Q

what is the timeline for respiratory compensation for metabolic disturbances?

A

rapid, minutes to hours - can take 24 hours for complete compensation

32
Q

what is the timeline for metabolic compensation for respiratory disturbances?

A

takes longer - complete compensation takes 3-5 days

33
Q

what clues should make you think of a mixed disturbance?

A

pH doesn’t move in expected direction for primary disturbance

34
Q

what is a mixed acid-base disturbance?

A

when two abnormalities cause a change in blood pH

35
Q

what are the top causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

increased lactate (canine GDV, hypoperfusion, equine colic, endotoxemia, & rumen overload), DKA in dogs & cats, & acute or chronic renal failure

36
Q

what are the top causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

vomiting (gastric outflow tract or duodenal obstruction causing loss of HCl in small animals), sweating/myopathy in horses, & displaced abomasum/torsion in cattle

37
Q

what are the top causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

upper airway obstruction, hypoventilation (CNS disease), & neuromuscular disease

38
Q

what are the top causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

hypoxemia, pulmonary disease, excessive panting/hyperventilation, & canine hyperadrenocorticism

39
Q

what are the most common acid-base disturbances?

A

metabolic acidosis & respiratory alkalosis

40
Q

glucose measured off of abdominal effusion indicates septic effusion with what values?

A

serum glucose more than 20 mg/dL higher than abdominal effusion suggests septic effusion

41
Q

what cage side analyzer is used for blood glucose in cats & dogs that is more accurate that human analyzers?

A

alphatrak blood glucose meter

42
Q

what does increased lactate indicated?

A

tissue hypoxia due to decreased oxygen availability (cardiac disease, hypoperfusion, & shock), & non-hypoxemic causes such as GDV, neoplasia, sepsis, & DKA

43
Q

what is the normal value for blood lactate?

A

less than 2mmol

44
Q

T/F: a significant increase in lactate is associated with being a negative prognostic indicator

A

TRUE

45
Q

if abdominal effusion lactate is higher than blood lactate, what should you be concerned with?

A

septic etiology

46
Q

what is serum amyloid a? how is it used in equine medicine?

A

acute phase protein that increases rapidly with significant inflammation with a short half life that makes it useful for monitoring for infectious diseases & response to treatment

47
Q

when are increases in cardiac troponin levels seen in horses?

A

myocarditis, sepsis, rattlesnake envenomation, & toxins

48
Q

what does an increase in cardiac troponin indicate?

A

myocardial injury - short half life & very sensitive

49
Q

what cage side analyzer is used to measure glucose in horses?

A

human glucometers or alphatrak

50
Q

what is the CMT test used for in cattle?

A

used to assess somatic cells in milk from individual cows

51
Q

what is a normal CMT result?

A

75% WBC (neutrophils most common) & 25% epithelial cells

52
Q

healthy cows have less than how many somatic cells in their milk?

A

should be under 100,000

53
Q

T/F: SCC increase in cows with mastitis & is useful to watch when diagnosing a cow with subclinical mastitis

A

TRUE

54
Q

what is BHB in cows? what samples do you measure it off of?

A

beta-hydroxybutyrate - measures ketones in milk, urine, or blood

55
Q

what is the normal canine/feline range for HCO3 on a blood gas?

A

20-24

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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