Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 4 Flashcards
what rodents can be infected with bubonic plague? what clinical signs do they show?
rock squirrels, wood rats, ground squirrels, prairie dogs, chipmunks, mice, voles, & rabbits
may be subclinical to peracute/fatal
petechiae/ecchymoses in skin/other organs & hemoptysis
what is the classic case presentation of plague in cats?
lymphadenopathy especially in cervical lymph nodes, fever, dyspnea, hemoptysis, DIC, & death
what are the 3 forms of plague seen in humans?
- bubonic - headaches & painful swollen lymph nodes
- septicemic - abdominal pain, shock, petechiae/ecchymoses in skin/other organs, & necrosis of fingers/toes
- pneumonic - headache, shortness of breath, chest pain, productive cough
what is the most serious form of plague in humans?
pneumonic
what is the etiology of plague?
yersinia pestis - gram negative bacillus
what animals are the host species for plague? how is it transmitted?
rodents & lagomorphs are hosts - transmitted among animals through fleas
what is the distribution of plague?
western 1/3 of the USA, patchy distribution worldwide
what are the zoonotic concerns with plague?
transmission to humans through flea bites - bubonic or septicemic
transmission to humans from direct contact with infected animals - septicemic form
respiratory inhalation of infectious droplets - pneumonic form
what precautions can be taken to prevent plague infection in humans?
flea control, rat control, prevent pets from roaming/hunting, insect repellants, & PPE with respiratory protection
what is the most common form of plague in cats & humans?
bubonic
T/F: plague is reportable in many states & may potentially be used as a biologic weapon
true
T/F: plague is known to have caused 3 major pandemics in humans
true
what is the classic case presentation of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in reptiles/poultry?
typically asymptomatic
what is the classic case presentation of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in newborn ruminants, pigs, horses, fowl, puppies, & kittens?
enteritis & septicemia
what is the classic case presentation of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in older animals?
gastroenteritis without septicemia
what is the classic case presentation of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans?
gastroenteritis & septicemia
what is the etiology of non-typhoidal salmonellosis?
salmonella spp, gram negative facultative anaerobic rods with worldwide distribution
what is the most pathogenic isolate found in salmonellosis?
s. enterica sub species enterica
how is salmonellosis transmitted to humans?
fecal-oral, food contamination (eggs, poultry, dairy products), & handling infected animals
what precautions can be taken to avoid salmonellosis infection?
PPE, careful food handling, wash hands after handling potentially infected animals (poultry/reptiles), & cull/isolate carriers in a herd
what is the classic case presentation of cystic echinococcosis in sheep?
usually asymptomatic - ascites, icterus
what is the classic case presentation of cystic echinococcosis in humans?
signs dependent on location of cysts, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, seizures, dementia
what is the classic case presentation of alveolar echinococcosis in humans?
asymptomatic for years, abdominal discomfort, weakness, weight loss, liver failure, icterus, & ascites
what is the etiology of cystic echinococcosis & alveolar echinococcosis?
echinococcus granulosus - cystic
echinococcus multilocularis - alveolar
what are the definitive hosts of echinococcus?
definitive hosts - infected by ingesting intermediate host tissues with cysts
e. granulosus - dogs, other canines, hyenas, & cats
e. multilocularis - foxes & coyotes
what are the intermediate hosts for echinococcus species?
e. granulosus - herbivores & humans, ingesting eggs from contaminated pastures/soils, cysts develop in liver, lungs, & rarely brain
e. multilocularis - microtine rodents (voles & field mice), cysts typically develop in the liver
how do humans get echinococcosis?
ingestion of eggs from food, water, or fomites contaminated with feces of definitive host
what precautions are taken for preventing echinococcosis?
reduce human exposure by preventing infections in dogs & cats - don’t allow ingestion of livestock entrails or hunting rodents
what happens if a echinococcus cyst ruptures?
anaphylactic reaction & possible death
T/F: echinococcosis is an OIE reportable disease
true
what is the classic case presentation of lepto in dogs?
fever, lethargy, anorexia, icterus (liver disease), coagulopathy, respiratory signs, & renal disease
what is the classic case presentation of lepto in young horses & ruminants?
fever, icterus, renal disease in horses
what is the classic case presentation of lepto in adult horses & ruminants?
abortion & uveitis in horses
what is the classic case presentation of lepto in humans?
biphasic disease starting with flu-like illness (fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea) with a brief recovery then
headache, muscle aches, fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, icterus, meningitis, & multi-organ failure
what is the etiology of leptospirosis?
leptospira species - spirochete bacteria
many different serovars that are host adapted
how is leptospirosis spread to humans?
shed in the urine of infected animals
direct transmission to humans via ingestion/exposure across mucus membranes or abraded skin, infected urine, infected placenta/fetus after abortion, or contaminated water
what precautions can be taken to prevent infection with leptospirosis?
PPE with face protection & avoiding contaminated environments
what is the classic case presentation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in rodents?
stunted growth, inappetence, weight loss, photophobia, seizures, glomerulonephritis, & lethargy
what is the classic case presentation of lymphocytic choriomeningitis in humans?
flu like symptoms, meningitis, severe developmental defects, & abortions
what is the etiology of lymphocytic chorioretinitis?
arenavirus - lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
how do humans get lymphocytic chorioretinitis?
direct contact with infected rodents or their excretions/secretions through aerosol, mucus membranes, or abraded skin & infected solid organ transplants
what is the natural host of lymphocytic chorioretinitis?
natural host - house mouse but other rodents may be reservoir hosts
how is lymphocytic chorioretinitis prevented in humans?
proper PPE with face protection
T/F: lymphocytic chorioretinitis has bioterrorism potential
true
what animals could spread lymphocytic chorioretinitis to humans?
infected hamsters, mice, & guinea pigs
