Canine Flash Notes - Vaccines Flashcards
what are core vaccines? what are they for dogs?
vaccines recommended for all dogs - core vaccines, except rabies, are given as early as 6 weeks of age then every 3-4 weeks until they are 14-16 weeks old
DA2PP & rabies
what is the law on rabies vaccines?
animal has to be 12 weeks of age
given one year later
boostered every 1-3 years depending on type
what is important to remember about the distemper portion of the DA2PP vaccine?
very vulnerable to inactivation after reconstitution, so use within one hour of making it
what is the preferred type of vaccine for canine distemper virus?
MLV or recombinant
what is the preferred type of vaccine used for canine parvovirus & canine adenovirus?
MLV
what type of vaccine is preferred for rabies?
killed!!!!
what disease does canine distemper cause?
mild to severe systemic illness with high morbidity/variable mortality characterized by upper respiratory & gi signs - sometimes neuro signs
why not vaccinate a dog before they are 6 weeks of age?
maternally derived antibodies will cause vaccine inactivation
puppies generally lose them by 9-12 weeks of age, but some are lost as early as 6 weeks
what is vaccine efficacy?
ability to stimulate a protective immune response
what is vaccine purity?
pure culture of starting materials - attenuated strain, virulent strain to be inactivated later
what is vaccine potency?
quantity of an antigen in a vaccine
what is vaccine safety?
reversion to virulence, local or systemic reactions, shedding of live vaccine organisms
what does it mean if a vaccine says prevents infection with?
product is able to prevent all colonization or replication of the challenge microorganism in vaccinated & challenged animals
what does it mean if a vaccine says indicated for the prevention of disease?
product provides complete or partial protection from severe clinical signs of disease in most animals
what does it mean if a vaccine says indicated as an aid in the prevention of disease?
product efficacy is significantly different between vaccines & controls but not at the level as the other statements
what intranasal vaccine is considered to be core for shelter dogs?
bordetella bronchiseptica
what vaccine is used for disease treatment & not prevention?
canine oral melanoma vaccine
T/F: a vaccinated dog for western diamond back rattlesnakes still requires treatment if bit
true
what is an adjuvant?
used in killed agent vaccines to enhance the immune response & is associated with a local inflammatory reaction at the injection site
what are the pros & cons of killed vaccines?
pros - more stable than live or attenuated
cons - only cell mediated immunity for helper t cells, more likely to have a hypersensitivity reaction, & usually requires at least 2 initial doses 2-6 weeks apart (rabies is exception) so one to prime the immune system & second is to immunize
what does it mean that killed vaccines predominately make systemic antibodies?
there is little to no secretory IgA on mucosal surfaces
poor protection at mucosal surfaces of respiratory & gi tract
what is required of an animal to be able to give an attenuated live vaccine? what is the main risk of giving this vaccine?
normal host immune response required
may revert to virulence
serologic testing is used to monitor immunity for what? why use it?
distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus, & rabies virus
can use after 16 weeks to ensure immunity or ensure protection in cases of previous adverse reactions to vaccines (sometimes used in lieu of CDV/CPV revaccination but CANNOT BE USED IN PLACE OF RABIES VACCINE BY LAW
what kind of testing is the gold standard for CDV? what about CPV?
virus neutralization
virus neutralization & hemagglutination inhibition
what is a vaccine adverse event?
appetite loss, pain at injection site, lethargy, reluctance to walk/run, mild fever
may be expected for 2-3 days after vaccination
does an adverse vaccine event predict future risk to vaccines?
nope
what clinical signs after a vaccine require veterinarian intervention immediately? what should be done if this happens?
severe vomiting/diarrhea, seizures, facial swelling, collapse, or difficulty breathing
report to technical services section of vaccine manufacturer & report to APHIS center for veterinary biologies
what are some examples of injection site reactions from vaccines?
abscess, granulomas, seroma, pain, swelling, hair loss associated with ischemic vasculitis
why does anaphylaxis after a vaccine not predict future risk?
type 1 hypersensitivity - usually happens due to constituent proteins of the manufacturing process
what are examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines?
ctolytic - avoid future vaccination if possible!!!
IMHA, ITP
what are examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines?
immune complex formation - avoid future vaccination if possible
cutaneous ischemic vasculopathy (rabies), corneal edema (blue eye) associated with adenovirus vaccine & immune mediated disease
what happens in puppies that fail to immunize?
puppy has enough maternal antibodies to block vaccine - most common
inactivation of vaccine - improper storage/handling, reusing syringes, & cleansing skin with alcohol before vaccination can inactivate
dog is a poor responder/immune system doesn’t recognize as an antigen
what is tumorigenesis?
vaccine associated sarcoma or other tumor
what is multisystemic infectious inflammatory disorder of young weimeraners?
may be genetically linked to immunodeficiency & autoimmune disorders
hypothyroidism, HO
what is vaccine-induced immunosuppression?
associated with 1st or 2nd dose of combo MLV containing CDV, CAV-1, or CAV-2
begins within 3 days of vaccine administration & persists for 7-10 days
what are some reactions caused by incorrect administration of vaccines?
fatalities reported after SQ administration of avirulent b. bronchiseptica bacterin which is intended for intranasal administration - bordetella & parainfluenza
what are examples of vaccine-induced interference with diagnostic tests?
false positive PCR test results for parvo antigen in feces - not an adverse reaction
what are examples of reactions associated with residual virulence of attenuated vaccines?
post-vaccine sneezing seen with intranasal attenuated vaccines (bordetella & parainfluenza)
what is an example of reversion of vaccine virus to virulent pathogen?
generally rare when used as licensed - more of a problem when used unlicensed with wild or exotic animals
T/F: vaccines are intended to be used on healthy, non-pregnant dogs
true
how does glucocorticoid therapy impact vaccination in dogs?
short term treatment should not have a significant suppressive effect on antibody production but it is a good idea to re-vaccinate 2-3 after long term steroid therapy has ended
T/F: do not give vaccinations more often than every 2 weeks even if different
true
why not vaccinate colostrum-derived puppies earlier than 4 weeks of age?
may cause heart & CNS damage
what dogs should you avoid vaccinating?
pregnant dogs - potential injury to fetus
dogs receiving immunosuppressive or cytotoxic therapy
