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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 6 > Flashcards

Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of toxoplasmosis in felids?

A

typically no clinical signs

if signs - acute fever, dyspnea, & encephalitis

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of toxoplasmosis in non-felid veterinary cases?

A

abortions, fever, depression, lethargy, & neuro signs

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3
Q

what is the classic case presentation of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women?

A

abortions & fetal abnormalities

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4
Q

what is the classic case presentation of toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised people?

A

fever, dyspnea, & multi-organ involvement

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5
Q

what is the etiology of toxoplasmosis? what is the definitive host? the intermediate host?

A

toxoplasma gondii - obligate intracellular protozoan

definitive host - felids, shed oocysts in feces that infect intermediate hosts

intermediate hosts - most mammals or marsupials with oocysts forming tachyzoites, bradyzoites, or cysts in tissues

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6
Q

how do humans get toxoplasmosis?

A

fecal oral route

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7
Q

how is toxoplasmosis infection in humans prevented?

A

avoid direct contact with cat feces - don’t clean the litter box if pregnant & wearing gloves when gardening

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8
Q

T/F: with toxoplasmosis, there is a worldwide distribution, & a suggested association between schizophrenia/epilepsy in people but evidence is lacking

A

true

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9
Q

what is the classic case presentation of leishmaniasis in dogs?

A

exfoliative dermatitis (ulcers, nodules), epistaxis, weight loss, exercise intolerance, lethargy, ocular lesions (uveitis, keratitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis), lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia, hyperproteinemia (hyperglobulinemia & hypoalbuminemia), & proteinuria

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10
Q

what is the classic case presentation of cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans?

A

papules/nodules, raised ulcers, & regional lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

what is the classic case presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in humans?

A

also called kala-azar

fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly

cbc - anemia, thrombocytopenia, & leukopenia

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12
Q

what is the etiology of leishmaniasis? what is the life cycle?

A

leishmania infantum - protozoan with a diphasic life cycle

sandfly vector - extracellular promastigote

dogs - intracellular amastigote

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13
Q

what are the main reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis?

A

in north america, dogs are main reservoir host

wood rats are also possible hosts

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14
Q

T/F: leishmaniasis is not directly transmissible between infected animals & humans

A

true

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15
Q

what is the zoonotic risk of leishmaniasis for humans?

A

usually transmitted through sandfly vector but other arthropods can act as vectors

rarely transmitted among humans via blood transfusions

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16
Q

how long is the incubation period of leishmaniasis?

A

weeks to months

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17
Q

where is new world leishmaniasis most commonly seen?

A

used to be most common in central & south america but becoming more prevalent in north america

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18
Q

T/F: leishmaniasis is most commonly seen in foxhounds in north america & vertical transmission is suspected

A

true

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19
Q

why is leishmaniasis a difficult disease?

A

difficult to treat in humans & animals & relapses are common

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20
Q

what is the classic case presentation of ehrlichiosis in dogs & cats?

A

fever, lameness, petechiation due to thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

what is the classic case presentation of anaplasmosis in ruminants?

A

animals under 1 year old - usually subclinical

older animals - rapid loss of conditioning, decreased milk production, inappetence, anemia, & possible sudden death

22
Q

what is the classic case presentation of ehrlichiosis/anaplasmosis in humans?

A

fever, headache, myalgia, & multi-organ failure

23
Q

what is the etiology of anaplasmosis? what diseases does it cause?

A

anaplasma phagocytophilum

human granulocytic anaplasmosis, equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, canine granulocytic anaplasmosis, & tick-borne fever in ruminants only seen in the eastern hemisphere

anaplasma platys - canine infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia

24
Q

what is the etiology of ehrlichiosis? what diseases does it cause?

A

ehrlichia chaffeensis - human ehrlichiosis & canine monocytic ehrlichiosis

ehrlichia ewingii - canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis

25
Q

how do humans get anaplasmosis & ehrlichiosis?

A

tick transmission

a. phagocytophilum - black legged tick (ixodes scapularis) & western black legged tick (ixodes pacificus)

a. platys - brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus)

ehrlichia species - lone-star tick (amblyomma americanum)

26
Q

T/F: ehrlichiosis & anaplasmosis are not directly transmissible between infected animals & humans

A

true

27
Q

what ehrlichiosis is not considered to be zoonotic?

A

ehrlichia canis - canine ehrlichiosis

28
Q

T/F: ehrlichiosis & anaplasmosis can both be transmitted by blood transfusions

A

true

29
Q

what is the classic case of borreliosis/lyme disease in dogs?

A

poorly characterized - renal disease, arthritis, cardiac dysfunction, & neuro signs

30
Q

what is the classic case of borreliosis/lyme disease in horses?

A

poorly characterized - low grade fever, intermittent/shifting leg lameness, myalgia, cardiac arrhythmias, & neuro signs

31
Q

what is the classic case of borreliosis/lyme disease in humans?

A

erythema migrans - target pattern or bull’s eye rash

flu-like illness, arthritis, facial nerve palsy, cardiac abnormalities

32
Q

what is the etiology of borreliosis/lyme disease?

A

borrelia burgdorferi - motile spirochete bacterium

33
Q

what is the life cycle of borreliosis/lyme disease?

A

life cycle between tick vectors & wild animal reservoir hosts

tick vectors - i. scapularis & i. pacificus
hosts for ticks - odocoileus virginianus (white tail deer)
reservoir hosts - small mammals, birds, & reptiles (especially white footed mouth)

34
Q

what are the zoonotic risks of borreliosis/lyme disease?

A

tick bite transmissions

35
Q

T/F: borreliosis/lyme disease is not directly transmitted between animals & humans

A

true

36
Q

ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi are commonly co-infected with what other diseases?

A

anaplasma spp and/or babesia spp

any or all may be transmitted to a single human

37
Q

what diseases are involved in causing equine arboviral encephalomyelitis?

A

west nile virus, EEE, WEE, VEE

38
Q

what is the classic case presentation of west nile virus in horses?

A

ataxia, weakness, fever, face/neck muscle tremors, colic, & hyperesthesia

39
Q

what is the classic case presentation of eastern/western/venezuelan encephalomyelitis in horses?

A

fever, neuro signs (spinal cord & forebrain), & rapid progression

40
Q

what is the classic case presentation of west nile virus in birds?

A

asymptomatic - anorexia, ruffled feathers, & neuro signs

41
Q

what is the classic case presentation of west nile virus in humans?

A

fever, malaise, headache, body aches, skin rash, & may see neuroinvasive disease

42
Q

what is the classic case presentation of EEE/WEE/VEE in humans?

A

fever, headache, & neuro signs

43
Q

what is the etiology of west nile virus?

A

flavivirus - transmitted by culex spp mosquitoes

44
Q

what is the main reservoir host of west nile virus? dead end host?

A

main - wild birds

dead end - horses

45
Q

what is the etiology of EEE/WEE/VEE?

A

alphaviruses transmitted by several mosquito types

46
Q

what are the main reservoir hosts of EEE/WEE/VEE? amplifiers/dead end host?

A

reservoir hosts - birds, small mammals, & reptiles

amplifiers - horses are important amplifiers for epidemic VEE

dead-end hosts for EEE/WEE - horses

47
Q

what is the zoonotic risk of west nile virus & equine arbovirus encephalitis? what precautions can be taken?

A

spread by mosquito bites

west nile can also be shed in the oral/cloacal secretions of infected birds (corvids, gulls, raptors, domesticated chickens & turkeys)

precautions - prevent mosquito bites & use PPE when handling infected animals or in a labratory

48
Q

T/F: west nile virus is a reportable disease with a worldwide distribution

A

true

49
Q

T/F: only 1 in 5 people infected with west nile virus develop signs and 1 in 150 of these will develop serious illness

A

true

50
Q

when was the last time VEE was reported in the US?

A

1971

51
Q

T/F: the reported cases of WEE in humans & horses have dramatically decreased but the virulence of circulating viruses has not decreased

A

true

52
Q

how do equine EEE cases act as an index for human cases?

A

equine cases generally precede human disease by 2 weeks - horses are not directly infecting humans

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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