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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Porcine Top Topics - Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Porcine Top Topics - Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

what is another name for classical swine fever?

A

hog cholera

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2
Q

what clinical signs are seen with classical swine fever?

A

fever, hemorrhages, ataxia, seizures, & vasculitis (ears, belly, & limbs)

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3
Q

what is the etiology of hog cholera?

A

enveloped RNA virus in family flaviviridae - worldwide distribution that is transmissible in live animals or pork products - mechanical transmission/fomites

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4
Q

classical swine fever is often endemic in what species?

A

wild boar

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5
Q

what gross lesions are seen with classical swine fever?

A

global petechiae/ecchymotic hemorrhages - chronic, will see button ulcers at ileocecal junction

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6
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen with classical swine fever?

A

non-suppurative encephalitis with characteristic vascular cuffing

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7
Q

what disease needs to be ruled out for suspected classical swine fever?

A

african swine fever - DNA virus from different family

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8
Q

how is classical swine fever diagnosed?

A

PCR on CSF or ASF on blood/tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, ileum, kidney)

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9
Q

what treatment is used for classical swine fever?

A

no treatment

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10
Q

how is classical swine fever prevented?

A

vaccinate in endemic areas & cull affected animals in non-endemic regions

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11
Q

what is the difference between classical swine fever & african swine fever?

A

ASF is similar in presentation but is 100% fatal - endemic to subsaharan africa & is transmitted by soft ticks from warthogs & bush pigs - poses a huge threat to global pork industry

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12
Q

T/F: classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease that is reportable to state/provincial officials & the world health organization

A

TRUE

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13
Q

what causes mulberry heart disease?

A

vitamin e/selenium deficiency

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14
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a pig with mulberry heart disease?

A

affects young rapidly growing pigs 1-6 months of age - sudden sporadic death in normal appearing pigs

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15
Q

how does mulberry heart disease cause sudden death in normal appearing pigs?

A

dysrrhythmia that develops secondary to myocardial damage

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16
Q

what clinical signs are seen in sows with mulberry heart disease?

A

lactation failure

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17
Q

what is the pathophysiology of mulberry heart disease?

A

unknown - thought to be an imbalance of free radical production & scavenging that leads to oxidative metabolic stress

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18
Q

what gross lesions are seen with mulberry heart disease?

A

transmural hemorrhage in the heart, hydropericardium, & liver pallor

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19
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen with mulberry heart disease?

A

interstitial hemorrhage, myofiber degeneration, necrosis, & mineralization, & necrosis/congestion of the centrilobular area of the liver (hepatosis dietetica)

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20
Q

how is mulberry heart disease diagnosed?

A

gross & histopathologic lesions consistent with the disease plus feed analysis showing deficient levels of vitamin e/selenium or mycotoxins

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21
Q

how is mulberry heart disease treated?

A

supplement all pigs with an injectable commercial vitamin e/selenium product, but sometimes only vitamin e because selenium may be toxic even at low levels, correct dietary imbalances

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22
Q

T/F: pigs can get mulberry heart disease with normal vitamin e/selenium levels

A

true

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23
Q

what is the prognosis for pigs with mulberry heart disease?

A

good in supplemented pigs

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24
Q

what is the classic case of iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

A

anemia in pigs 1-3 weeks of age

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25
Q

what clinical signs are associated with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

A

pale mucus membranes, skin pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea, & weakness

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26
Q

what is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

A

body needs iron for heme formation which is critical for erythopoiesis & oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

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27
Q

what gross lesions are seen with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

A

pale pigs, edema of muscles/lungs, & blood appears watery

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28
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?

A

erythrocyte microcytosis & hypochromasia

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29
Q

how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs diagnosed?

A

history of lack of iron supplementation, low hematocrit, & low hemoglobin concentration

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30
Q

how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs treated?

A

treat with injectable iron

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31
Q

how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs prevented?

A

supplement pigs with iron at birth, repeat dose at one week if piglets will be weaned later than three weeks of age - even if they live outside they need supplementation

32
Q

what happens if there is over-supplementation of iron in piglets with iron defiency anemia?

A

acute toxicosis - death usually within 24 hours - may see peracute anaphylactic reaction with cardiac failure & sudden death or acute anemia due to insufficient antioxidant stores

33
Q

T/F: suckling pigs grow rapidly, have low iron storage capacity, and lack suffienct dietary intake of iron which puts them at risk for iron deficiency anemia

A

TRUE

34
Q

what is the classic case presentation of vitamin d defiency in growing pigs?

A

lameness/fractures/swollen joints, tetany, paresis, & post weaning failure to thrive

35
Q

what is the classic case presentation of vitamin d defiency in adult pigs?

A

osteomalacia leading to fractures

36
Q

what is the pathophysiology of vitamin d deficiency in pigs?

A

vitamin d production relies on skin exposure to ultraviolet light, but direct sunlight exposure in commercial pigs is rare - vitamin d metabolites circulate in the blood & regulate calcium & phosphate levels for bone growth & remodeling

37
Q

what gross lesions are seen with vitamin d deficiency in pigs?

A

rickets - especially in the ribs & fractures

38
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen with vitamin d deficiency in pigs?

A

microfractures & flared costochondral junctions with irregular, elongated growth cartilage

39
Q

how is vitamin d deficiency diagnosed in pigs?

A

under 5 ng/ml is of serum vitamin d is diagnostic, dietary analysis for vitamin d, & bone ash/bone density measurements

40
Q

how is vitamin d deficiency treated in pigs?

A

correct dietary imbalances, inject supplemental vitamin d, exposure to sunlight

41
Q

T/F: in all pig diets, vitamin d must be included

A

TRUE

42
Q

what is the prognosis for vitamin d defiency in pigs?

A

good if caught early

43
Q

what is the classic case presentation of salt toxicity in pigs?

A

sudden deaths, seizures, moving backward, & twitching/muscle contractions

44
Q

what is the pathophysiology of salt toxicity in pigs?

A

water deprivation for over 24 hours results in sodium ion intoxication, dehydration leads to increased serum sodium concentration, & water moves out of cells along the osmotic gradient created

45
Q

what gross lesions are seen with salt toxicity in pigs?

A

absence of ingesta in stomach, constipation/dry feces, & gastritis

46
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen with salt toxicity in pigs?

A

acute: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis - if pigs survive, after 1-3 days, eosinophils will disappear and be replaced by mononuclear cells

47
Q

how is salt toxicity in pigs diagnosed?

A

history of water deprivation & histopathologic lesions/clinical signs

48
Q

how is salt toxicity in pigs treated?

A

slowly allow animals access to water over the course of about 4 hours

49
Q

what is the prognosis of salt toxicity in pigs?

A

poor

50
Q

what is a common cause of salt toxicity in pigs?

A

inadvertent lack of access to water

51
Q

what is the classic case presentation of tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?

A

high morbidity due to exposure of many animals at once - off feed, depressed, afebrile, reluctant to stand, & lame

52
Q

what is the pathophysiology of tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?

A

ionophores may be fed to pigs & alone they are not toxic but they ARE TOXIC when fed with tiamulin or fed at doses above the label - tiamulin inhibits cytochrome p450 needed for ionophore metabolism which is what causes ionophore toxicosis

53
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen in tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?

A

no gross lesions - degeneration & necrosis of the myocytes in skeletal muscle & diaphragm

54
Q

how is tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs treated?

A

test feed for ionophores & history of tiamulin treatment in feed/water

55
Q

when may tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs be seen?

A

ionophores are fed at inappropriate levels, diets with ionophores also including tiamulin, & feeds that include ionophores for other species & tiamulin is fed concurrently

56
Q

what is the treatment & prognosis of tiamulin/ionophore toxicosis in pigs?

A

remove contaminated feed or tiamulin - poor prognosis because it may result in a chronic failure to thrive

57
Q

what is the classic case presentation of gas toxicity in pigs?

A

respiratory distress, paralysis, asphyxia, & death

58
Q

what is the pathophysiology of gas toxicity in pigs?

A

manure is stored in pits under commercial swine facilities - when agitated prior to pump out, manure can release toxic levels of H2S gas which can be fatal to humans & pigs- H2S at levels over 100 ppm inhibits cytochrome c oxidase

59
Q

what gross lesions are seen in pigs with gas toxicity?

A

pulmonary edema

60
Q

what microscopic lesions are seen in pigs with gas toxicity?

A

pulmonary edema & metaplasia of the nasal respiratory mucosa

61
Q

how is gas toxicity in pigs diagnosed?

A

history of manure pit agitation & mass mortality

62
Q

how is gas toxicity in pigs treated?

A

no treatment

63
Q

how is gas toxicity in pigs prevented?

A

turn fans on top speed if manure pits are agitated, preferably remove pigs from the building before pits are agitated, turn on ventilation & drop curtains

64
Q

what is the prognosis of gas toxicity in pigs?

A

poor because high concentrations lead to rapid death

65
Q

why not attempt to rescue pigs dying from gas toxicity?

A

also toxic to humans!!!

66
Q

what is the source of aflatoxins in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

corn in SE USA, moa: metabolized by liver & binds to DNA/RNA - ascites & icterus

67
Q

what is the source of deoxynivalenol in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

corn, wheat, barley, sorghum with alternating warm & cold growing season & wet harvest, moa: taste aversion & vomiting - feed refusal & vomiting

68
Q

what is the source of ergots in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

wheat, barley, oats, grown in warm humid conditions & facilitated by insect damage, moa: vasoconstriction & endothelial damage, prolactin suppression - agalactia, dry gangrene

69
Q

what is the source of fumonisin in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

poor quality corn, moa: inhibits myocardial calcium channels - porcine pulmonary edema, respiratory distress progressing to death

70
Q

what is the source of ochratoxin/citrinin in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

oats & barley, moa: binds ion transporters in renal tubules & disrupts ATP formation - pu/pd, anorexia, gastric ulcers, & cannibalism

71
Q

what is the source of zearalenone in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?

A

corn when there is high moisture during harvest, moa: competitively binds estrogen receptors - estrogenic effects in gilts include precocial puberty, and in sows, variable signs including anestrus & nymphomania

72
Q

how is aflatoxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

more than 100 ppb in the feed, treatment: none, prevention: prevent with binders, poor prognosis

73
Q

how is deoxynivalenol toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

test for DON in feed, treatment - remove bad feed, binders aren’t effective - good prognosis with new feed

74
Q

how is fumonisin toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

more than 120 ppm in feed with increased GGT & bilirubin, treatment: none, prevention: use binders, poor prognosis

75
Q

how is ergot toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

alkaloids more than 100 ppb in feed & ergot alkaloids in urine, treatment: remove bad feed & clean the grains, good prognosis with new feed

76
Q

how is ochratoxin/citrinin in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

find the toxin in feed or fresh kidney, treatment: remove bad feed, & good prognosis if caught early

77
Q

how is zearalenone toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?

A

more than 1 ppm in the feed, treatment: binders may be effective, PGF2a to lyse retained CL in sows, & prevent by blending down contaminated corn

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