Porcine Top Topics - Miscellaneous Flashcards
what is another name for classical swine fever?
hog cholera
what clinical signs are seen with classical swine fever?
fever, hemorrhages, ataxia, seizures, & vasculitis (ears, belly, & limbs)
what is the etiology of hog cholera?
enveloped RNA virus in family flaviviridae - worldwide distribution that is transmissible in live animals or pork products - mechanical transmission/fomites
classical swine fever is often endemic in what species?
wild boar
what gross lesions are seen with classical swine fever?
global petechiae/ecchymotic hemorrhages - chronic, will see button ulcers at ileocecal junction
what microscopic lesions are seen with classical swine fever?
non-suppurative encephalitis with characteristic vascular cuffing
what disease needs to be ruled out for suspected classical swine fever?
african swine fever - DNA virus from different family
how is classical swine fever diagnosed?
PCR on CSF or ASF on blood/tissues (lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, ileum, kidney)
what treatment is used for classical swine fever?
no treatment
how is classical swine fever prevented?
vaccinate in endemic areas & cull affected animals in non-endemic regions
what is the difference between classical swine fever & african swine fever?
ASF is similar in presentation but is 100% fatal - endemic to subsaharan africa & is transmitted by soft ticks from warthogs & bush pigs - poses a huge threat to global pork industry
T/F: classical swine fever is a highly contagious disease that is reportable to state/provincial officials & the world health organization
TRUE
what causes mulberry heart disease?
vitamin e/selenium deficiency
what is the classic case presentation of a pig with mulberry heart disease?
affects young rapidly growing pigs 1-6 months of age - sudden sporadic death in normal appearing pigs
how does mulberry heart disease cause sudden death in normal appearing pigs?
dysrrhythmia that develops secondary to myocardial damage
what clinical signs are seen in sows with mulberry heart disease?
lactation failure
what is the pathophysiology of mulberry heart disease?
unknown - thought to be an imbalance of free radical production & scavenging that leads to oxidative metabolic stress
what gross lesions are seen with mulberry heart disease?
transmural hemorrhage in the heart, hydropericardium, & liver pallor
what microscopic lesions are seen with mulberry heart disease?
interstitial hemorrhage, myofiber degeneration, necrosis, & mineralization, & necrosis/congestion of the centrilobular area of the liver (hepatosis dietetica)
how is mulberry heart disease diagnosed?
gross & histopathologic lesions consistent with the disease plus feed analysis showing deficient levels of vitamin e/selenium or mycotoxins
how is mulberry heart disease treated?
supplement all pigs with an injectable commercial vitamin e/selenium product, but sometimes only vitamin e because selenium may be toxic even at low levels, correct dietary imbalances
T/F: pigs can get mulberry heart disease with normal vitamin e/selenium levels
true
what is the prognosis for pigs with mulberry heart disease?
good in supplemented pigs
what is the classic case of iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
anemia in pigs 1-3 weeks of age
what clinical signs are associated with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
pale mucus membranes, skin pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea, & weakness
what is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
body needs iron for heme formation which is critical for erythopoiesis & oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
what gross lesions are seen with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
pale pigs, edema of muscles/lungs, & blood appears watery
what microscopic lesions are seen with iron deficiency anemia in pigs?
erythrocyte microcytosis & hypochromasia
how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs diagnosed?
history of lack of iron supplementation, low hematocrit, & low hemoglobin concentration
how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs treated?
treat with injectable iron
how is iron deficiency anemia in pigs prevented?
supplement pigs with iron at birth, repeat dose at one week if piglets will be weaned later than three weeks of age - even if they live outside they need supplementation
what happens if there is over-supplementation of iron in piglets with iron defiency anemia?
acute toxicosis - death usually within 24 hours - may see peracute anaphylactic reaction with cardiac failure & sudden death or acute anemia due to insufficient antioxidant stores
T/F: suckling pigs grow rapidly, have low iron storage capacity, and lack suffienct dietary intake of iron which puts them at risk for iron deficiency anemia
TRUE
what is the classic case presentation of vitamin d defiency in growing pigs?
lameness/fractures/swollen joints, tetany, paresis, & post weaning failure to thrive
what is the classic case presentation of vitamin d defiency in adult pigs?
osteomalacia leading to fractures
what is the pathophysiology of vitamin d deficiency in pigs?
vitamin d production relies on skin exposure to ultraviolet light, but direct sunlight exposure in commercial pigs is rare - vitamin d metabolites circulate in the blood & regulate calcium & phosphate levels for bone growth & remodeling
what gross lesions are seen with vitamin d deficiency in pigs?
rickets - especially in the ribs & fractures
what microscopic lesions are seen with vitamin d deficiency in pigs?
microfractures & flared costochondral junctions with irregular, elongated growth cartilage
how is vitamin d deficiency diagnosed in pigs?
under 5 ng/ml is of serum vitamin d is diagnostic, dietary analysis for vitamin d, & bone ash/bone density measurements
how is vitamin d deficiency treated in pigs?
correct dietary imbalances, inject supplemental vitamin d, exposure to sunlight
T/F: in all pig diets, vitamin d must be included
TRUE
what is the prognosis for vitamin d defiency in pigs?
good if caught early
what is the classic case presentation of salt toxicity in pigs?
sudden deaths, seizures, moving backward, & twitching/muscle contractions
what is the pathophysiology of salt toxicity in pigs?
water deprivation for over 24 hours results in sodium ion intoxication, dehydration leads to increased serum sodium concentration, & water moves out of cells along the osmotic gradient created
what gross lesions are seen with salt toxicity in pigs?
absence of ingesta in stomach, constipation/dry feces, & gastritis
what microscopic lesions are seen with salt toxicity in pigs?
acute: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis - if pigs survive, after 1-3 days, eosinophils will disappear and be replaced by mononuclear cells
how is salt toxicity in pigs diagnosed?
history of water deprivation & histopathologic lesions/clinical signs
how is salt toxicity in pigs treated?
slowly allow animals access to water over the course of about 4 hours
what is the prognosis of salt toxicity in pigs?
poor
what is a common cause of salt toxicity in pigs?
inadvertent lack of access to water
what is the classic case presentation of tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?
high morbidity due to exposure of many animals at once - off feed, depressed, afebrile, reluctant to stand, & lame
what is the pathophysiology of tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?
ionophores may be fed to pigs & alone they are not toxic but they ARE TOXIC when fed with tiamulin or fed at doses above the label - tiamulin inhibits cytochrome p450 needed for ionophore metabolism which is what causes ionophore toxicosis
what microscopic lesions are seen in tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs?
no gross lesions - degeneration & necrosis of the myocytes in skeletal muscle & diaphragm
how is tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs treated?
test feed for ionophores & history of tiamulin treatment in feed/water
when may tiamulin/ionophore toxicity in pigs be seen?
ionophores are fed at inappropriate levels, diets with ionophores also including tiamulin, & feeds that include ionophores for other species & tiamulin is fed concurrently
what is the treatment & prognosis of tiamulin/ionophore toxicosis in pigs?
remove contaminated feed or tiamulin - poor prognosis because it may result in a chronic failure to thrive
what is the classic case presentation of gas toxicity in pigs?
respiratory distress, paralysis, asphyxia, & death
what is the pathophysiology of gas toxicity in pigs?
manure is stored in pits under commercial swine facilities - when agitated prior to pump out, manure can release toxic levels of H2S gas which can be fatal to humans & pigs- H2S at levels over 100 ppm inhibits cytochrome c oxidase
what gross lesions are seen in pigs with gas toxicity?
pulmonary edema
what microscopic lesions are seen in pigs with gas toxicity?
pulmonary edema & metaplasia of the nasal respiratory mucosa
how is gas toxicity in pigs diagnosed?
history of manure pit agitation & mass mortality
how is gas toxicity in pigs treated?
no treatment
how is gas toxicity in pigs prevented?
turn fans on top speed if manure pits are agitated, preferably remove pigs from the building before pits are agitated, turn on ventilation & drop curtains
what is the prognosis of gas toxicity in pigs?
poor because high concentrations lead to rapid death
why not attempt to rescue pigs dying from gas toxicity?
also toxic to humans!!!
what is the source of aflatoxins in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
corn in SE USA, moa: metabolized by liver & binds to DNA/RNA - ascites & icterus
what is the source of deoxynivalenol in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
corn, wheat, barley, sorghum with alternating warm & cold growing season & wet harvest, moa: taste aversion & vomiting - feed refusal & vomiting
what is the source of ergots in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
wheat, barley, oats, grown in warm humid conditions & facilitated by insect damage, moa: vasoconstriction & endothelial damage, prolactin suppression - agalactia, dry gangrene
what is the source of fumonisin in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
poor quality corn, moa: inhibits myocardial calcium channels - porcine pulmonary edema, respiratory distress progressing to death
what is the source of ochratoxin/citrinin in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
oats & barley, moa: binds ion transporters in renal tubules & disrupts ATP formation - pu/pd, anorexia, gastric ulcers, & cannibalism
what is the source of zearalenone in pigs? what is the moa? what are the key clinical signs seen?
corn when there is high moisture during harvest, moa: competitively binds estrogen receptors - estrogenic effects in gilts include precocial puberty, and in sows, variable signs including anestrus & nymphomania
how is aflatoxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
more than 100 ppb in the feed, treatment: none, prevention: prevent with binders, poor prognosis
how is deoxynivalenol toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
test for DON in feed, treatment - remove bad feed, binders aren’t effective - good prognosis with new feed
how is fumonisin toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
more than 120 ppm in feed with increased GGT & bilirubin, treatment: none, prevention: use binders, poor prognosis
how is ergot toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
alkaloids more than 100 ppb in feed & ergot alkaloids in urine, treatment: remove bad feed & clean the grains, good prognosis with new feed
how is ochratoxin/citrinin in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
find the toxin in feed or fresh kidney, treatment: remove bad feed, & good prognosis if caught early
how is zearalenone toxicosis in pigs diagnosed? how is it treated? prevented?
more than 1 ppm in the feed, treatment: binders may be effective, PGF2a to lyse retained CL in sows, & prevent by blending down contaminated corn
