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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Equine Lameness - Top 6 Lameness Causes > Flashcards

Equine Lameness - Top 6 Lameness Causes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with a subsolar abscess?

A

variable lameness (1-5), heat in hoof, increased digital pulse, +/- breaks at coronary band instead of sole, +/- sensitive site on coronary band & non-specific hoof tester sensitivity

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2
Q

what are some possible etiologies causing a subsolar abscess in a horse?

A

poor hoof quality, laminitis, bruises, nails. wet/dry footing, poor conformation, & idiopathic

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3
Q

how is a subsolar abscess diagnosed?

A

hoof testers to pinpoint location +/- rads

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4
Q

how is a subsolar abscess treated?

A

variable depending on vet, severity, & site - palmar digital nerve block prior to probing/lavaging, soak/poultice the hoof & let abscess drain on its own, or open up abscess with hoof knife, keep foot protected until abscess pocket has healed, tetanus immunization, pull shoe, & NSAIDS (rarely systemic antibiotics)

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5
Q

why are subsolar abscesses in horses so painful?

A

abscess puts pressure on surrounding tissues & there is no room for expansion within the rigid hoof capsule

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6
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with acute laminitis?

A

before mechanical failure (breakdown of laminar connection between coffin bone & hoof wall) very lame

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7
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with subacute laminitis?

A

occurs after the acute phase but without mechanical failure

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8
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with chronic laminitis?

A

happens when there is mechanical failure

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9
Q

what is laminitis specific grading?

A

obel grades 1-4, grade 1: alternately lifting feet, not lame at a walk, grade 2: stiff & resists turning at the walk & lame at the trot, grade 3: lame at the walk, stilted gait, & resists lifting feet, & grade 4: will not move unless forced

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10
Q

what are the clinical signs of a classic mild case of laminitis?

A

mild reluctance to move, short strided gait, increased digital pulses, & mild weight-shifting

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs of a classic severe case of laminitis?

A

will not move, sweating/painful, shifting weight between limbs & from front to hind limbs, can’t pick up one foot at a time, +/- recumbency

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12
Q

what are some endocrine related causes of laminitis?

A

pasture associated laminitis - equine metabolic syndrome from insulin dysregulation & equine cushings

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13
Q

apart from endocrine related causes, what are some other etiologies that can cause laminitis?

A

inflammation/SIRS (retained placenta, colitis, grain overload), support limb laminitis from non-weight bearing contralateral limb, & repeated trauma on a hard surface

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14
Q

why are further diagnostics needed even when laminitis is often obvious from clinical signs?

A

needed to gauge prognosis & gauge treatment

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15
Q

what do you expect from hoof testers on a horse with laminitis?

A

especially positive over the toe

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16
Q

why evaluate the hoof capsule of a horse with laminitis?

A

rings are a sign of chronicity

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17
Q

why palpate the coronary band of a horse with laminitis?

A

feel for an abnormal ledge as it is a sign of a sinking p3

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18
Q

what is seen on rads from a horse with laminitis?

A

thickening of dorsal hoof-lamellar zone, rotation or sinking of p3 with respect to the hoof wall, & remodeling of dorsodistal p3

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19
Q

when is contrast venography used for laminitis cases?

A

useful for prognosis & for help directing treatment - requires experience to interpret

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20
Q

what does treatment of laminitis depend on?

A

severity, cause, conformation, & finances

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21
Q

what are the mainstays of treatment for laminitis?

A

anti-inflammatories, cryotherapy, analgesics, & hoof/frog support (lily pads, special shoes, padded boots)

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22
Q

what does the prognosis of laminitis depend on?

A

sevreity, time to diagnosis, & cause

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23
Q

what can treatment of laminitis range from?

A

short period of rest to shoeing/management changes to euthanasia

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24
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a horse with degenerative joint disease?

A

usually older horses with joint effusion, variable lameness, heat over the joint, & +/- decreased joint motion

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25
Q

how is degenerative joint disease diagnosed after the lameness has been localized with the exam, flexions, regional blocks?

A

rads - osteophytes, decreased joint space, bone sclerosis, & effusion, ultrasound - cartilage/soft tissue damage, degree of effusion, & synovial proliferation

26
Q

what does the treatment of degenerative joint disease depend on?

A

severity, joint involved, age, etiology, use of the horse, & finances

27
Q

what is the purpose of arthroscopy of a degenerative joint in a horse?

A

to evaluate & clean up the joint

28
Q

when is arthrodesis an option for treatment of degenerative joint disease in a horse?

A

surgical option for low motion joints such as the pastern & lower hock joints

29
Q

what is the pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease in horses?

A

cartilage & soft tissue damage in a joint causes instability & inflammation which results in further joint damage

30
Q

what does the prognosis of degenerative joint disease depend on?

A

prior mentioned factors for treatment, some can be managed with treatment, and some horses get retired or get a new job

31
Q

what is wind puffs?

A

metacarpophalangeal & metatarsophalangeal joints - effusion

32
Q

what is thoroughpin?

A

tarsal sheath of DDFT proximal to the tarsus is injured

33
Q

what is bog spavin?

A

OA of the tibiotarsal joint

34
Q

what horses often have soft tissue injuries?

A

sport horses - any tendon, ligament, or joint capsule can be injured (strained vs torn, acute vs chronic, & mild vs severe)

35
Q

what are acute signs of a soft tissue injury in a horse?

A

heat, pain, lameness, & swelling of injured tissue

36
Q

what are chronic signs of a soft tissue injury in a horse?

A

mild thickening of injured tissue, pain on palpation, & mild to severe lameness

37
Q

what is seen on ultrasound of a soft tissue injury on a horse? how is ultrasound used for monitoring?

A

disruption of fibers, edema, hematomas - used to monitor progression, response to treatment, & when the horse can return to work

38
Q

what does treatment of soft tissue injuries depend on? what are some general treatments used?

A

severity, tissue involved, age, cause, use, & finances

39
Q

what soft tissue structure is injured in a horse with bowed tendons?

A

SDFT

40
Q

what soft tissue structure is injured in a horse with chronic navicular disease?

A

DDFT can rupture with this condition

41
Q

what soft tissue structure is injured in a horse with a breakdown injury?

A

suspensory ligament - associated with sesamoid fractures in race horses

42
Q

what soft tissue structures are usually injured in a horse with issues in the distal pastern?

A

straight, distal, & oblique distal sesamoidean ligaments

43
Q

what soft tissue structures are usually injured in a horse with stifle problems?

A

ligaments & meniscae of the stifle (cruciates, femoropatellar, & femorotibial)

44
Q

what is the classic case presentation of navicular syndrome?

A

very common in forelimbs & in quarter horses, often seen in horses over 8 years old, slow often insidious onset, & often bilateral forelimb lameness

45
Q

how is navicular syndrome diagnosed?

A

blocks to palmar digital, +/- sensitive to digital palpation between heel bulbs, hoof testers on frog, & lower limb flexion

46
Q

what is seen on rads of a hrose with navicular syndrome?

A

enlarged navicular synovial invaginations, navicular flexor surface sclerosis or medullary cavity sclerosis, & navicular enthesiophyte formation/calcification

47
Q

how is navicular syndrome treated?

A

managed, not fixed - hoof care to decrease pressure on the bone by trimming/shoeing to improve the hoof-pastern angle, shortening the toe +/- raising the heel, egg bar shoes, NSAIDS

48
Q

what is the salvage procedure used for navicular syndrome?

A

palmar digital neurectomy - rick of rupturing the DDFT

49
Q

what is the prognosis for a horse with navicular syndrome?

A

guarded - most cases progress with time

50
Q

T/F: the etiology behind navicular syndrome is very cimplicated & involves hereditary, conformational, & vascular components

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F: degree of change on radiographs does NOT equal degree of lameness

A

TRUE

52
Q

what bones are most commonly fractured in horses?

A

forelimb splint bones, hindlimb splint bones, forelimb & hindlimb cannon bones, distal tarsals, stifle, distal phalanx, elbows, carpals, & first/second phalanx

53
Q

what does severity of a fracture depend on?

A

open vs closed, complete vs incomplete, simple vs comminuted, displaced vs non-displaced, life-threatening vs manageable, location, acute vs chronic, lameness score, calm horse vs shocky horse, & minimal swelling vs severe swelling/hematoma

54
Q

how is a fracture in a horse COMPLETELY diagnosed?

A

physical exam, rads, +/- ultrasound/nuclear scintigraphy/mri/ct

55
Q

what do you need to know to be able to treat a fracture in a horse?

A

type of fracture, how to stabilize it, & prognosis for fracture type/location

56
Q

T/F: fractures of the humerus, femur, or pelvis in adult horses often cannot be repaired

A

TRUE

57
Q

what are some surgical options for fracture repair in a horse?

A

internal fixation (screws, plates), external fixation, pin casts, foot casts for p3 fractures, & rest/management

58
Q

T/F: distal limb fractures are often repaired surgically in horses

A

TRUE

59
Q

T/F: each fracture location has a different type of therapy depending on the age, size, & temperament of the horse & includes bandaging/stabilization, treatment options, & potential outcomes

A

TRUE

60
Q

what is the most common long bone fracture in horses?

A

diaphyseal 3rd metacarpal bone - cannon bone

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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