Bovine Top 20 Diseases - Part 2 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of a cow with polioencephalomalacia?
less than 2 year old grain fed cow with sudden onset of segregation from its herd, aimless wandering, recumbent, convulsiong, odontoprisis, star gazing, tetraparesis, hyperesthesia, opisthotonus, & blind with a normal PLR
how is polioencephalomalacia diagnosed?
transketolase to measure the activity of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), so high TPP effect is diagnostic & therapeutic response to thiamine within 24 hours
why take a whole blood sample on a cow you suspect has polioencephalomalacia?
rule out lead poisoning
what is seen on CSF fluid from a cow with polioencephalomalacia?
normal to pleiocytosis & increased protein
how is polioencephalomalacia treated? how is it prevented in other members of the herd?
thiamine & anticonvulsants if needed - give other cows thiamine
when do we see polioencephalomalacia occur?
high rumen thiaminase activity with high grain diets, raw soybeans in diet, & possibly high dietary sulfur levels (doesn’t affect thiamine levels but causes polioencephalomalacia)
what is the prognosis of polioencephalomalacia in a cow?
good - only die if treatment is delayed or with the sulfur toxicity version
T/F: most cases of johne’s are subclinical but there are 3 stages
TRUE
what is the etiology of johne’s disease?
mycobacterium avium sub species paratuberculosis
what is stage 1 of johne’s disease?
young asymptomatic cow that is infected but not yet shedding the disease & not reactive on diagnostic tests
what is stage 2 of johne’s disease?
older asymptomatic infected cow that is shedding the disease & positive on culture & ELISA
what is stage 3 of johne’s disease?
3-5 year old thin cow with voluminous diarrhea, decreased milk production, brisket edema, & enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes
T/F: with johne’s disease, tehre is NO loss of conscious proprioception, facial paralysis, or horner’s syndrome
TRUE
what testing is done for individual animals when diagnosing johne’s disease?
fecal culture is the gold standard, PCR, & rectal mucosal histopath
what diagnostics are used on a herd level for johne’s disease?
pooled fecal cultures & PCR when positive
what diagnostics are used for herd surveillance for johne’s disease?
serum or milk ELISA (serum is more sensitive bith are very specific)
T/F: no diagnostics are very sensitive for early johne’s disease
TRUE
what treatment is used for johne’s disease?
none - euthanize affected cows & REPORT!!!
how can johne’s disease be prevented?
improve herd with managerial changes such as separate manure handling, feeding instruments, not pooling colostrum, annual ELISAS< & maintaining a young herd
T/F: for every stage 3 johne’s cow, expect 3-4X more cows in stage 2, & 10-15X more cows in stage 1
TRUE
why is making a definitive diagnosis for abortion in a cow difficult?
fetal autolysis, disappearance of toxins, self-correction of physical causes, & abortion usually occurs long after infection
what specific etiologies can cause early abortions in cows?
trichomoniasis & heat
what specific etiology can cause a midterm abortion?
neosporosis
what specific etiologies can cause late term abortions in cows?
foothill abortion, brucellosis, lepto, listeriosis, sarcocystis, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, nitrates, anaplasmosis, ponderosa pine, & chlamydia
what etiologies can cause variable timed abortions in cows?
BVD, IBR, campylobacter, trueperella, & prostaglandin shots
what diagnostics can be run on fetal or placental tissues from cows that aborted?
culture, PCR, immunofluorescence
what diagnostics can be performed on a dam that aborted?
serology, PCR
what prevention is done for bovine abortions?
vaccinate dams against lepto, IBR, BVD, brucellosis, campylobacter fetus, test bulls to prevent tritrichomoniasis, check feed for nitrates, wait until 3rd trimester to put dams on foothill agent-infected pastures, & keep dogs off of pastures to prevent neosporosis
what is a normal abortion rate in cattle? when do you investigate?
1% - investigate if 3-5%
what etiologies causing abortions in cattle are reportable?
brucellosis & tritrichomoniasis
how do you develop a differential list for bovine abortions?
based on timing of abortion, early/mid/late
what is the classic case presentation of calf diarrhea?
2-10 day old calf with diarrhea, lethargy, depression, hypothermia, & sepsis
what diagnostics should be performed on a calf with diarrhea?
ensure adequate colostrum intake, refractometer total protein should be greater than 5.5 gm/dL, look at chemistry lab values for severely dehydrated calves, salmonella stool cultures atleast 5 times, for giardia & crypto: fecal float with direct smear & acid fast for crypto, BVD: PCR on ear tissue, rotavirus: fecal rotazyme test, & for coronavirus: fluorescent antibody tests on duodenal jejunal samples
if a calf with diarrhea is over 5-7% dehydrated, how do you treat it?
iv fluids!!! determine type based on pH status/base deficit (usually sodium bicarb with dextrose)
if a calf with diarrhea is under 5-7% dehydration, how do you treat it?
use enteral fluids, electrolyte replacer, & milk +/- antibiotics & anti-inflammatories
how is calf diarrhea prevented?
good calf management, clean calving areas & hutches, provide good quality colostrum (1 gallon colostrum per 100lb calf in first feed)
T/F: most diarrhea outbreaks in calves are caused by a combination of pathogens
TRUE
what is the classic case presentation of a cow with lumpy jaw?
gradual onset of hard, non-movable masses on facial bones (rarely draining) with weight loss & quidding
what is the classic case presentation of a cow with wooden tongue?
lethargy, ptyalism, protruding tongue, swollen throat latch, stridor, dysphagia, hard/irregular/firm soft tissues in mouth & pharynx
what is the etiology of lumpy jaw?
actinomyces bovis
what is the etiology of wooden tongue?
actinobacillus lignieresii
T/F: any breed, age, or use of cow can get lumpy jaw or wooden tongue
TRUE
what kind of bacteria is the agent that causes wooden tongue?
gram negative bacteria
what kind of bacteria is the agent that causes lumpy jaw?
gram positive rod bacteria
how is lumpy jaw diagnosed?
FNA/gram stain (gram positive rods), radiographs of the jaw, manual pharyngeal exploration except if there are neuro signs
how is wooden tongue diagnosed?
FNA/gram stain (gram negative), rads of jaw
how is lumpy jaw treated?
IV sodium iodide or cull due to poor prognosis
how is wooden tongue treated?
IV sodium iodide & sometimes penicillin
what is the prognosis for lumpy jaw?
hard tissues get softer, so fair prognosis but bony deformation is likely to remain
what is the prognosis for wooden tongue?
soft tissues get harder, so excellent prognosis
T/F: both lumpy jaw & wooden tongue can be herd problems
TRUE
