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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Urinalysis > Flashcards

Cross Species - Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

with what other results should you always interpret your USG? what is the purpose of getting a USG?

A

always with biochemistry panel - assess renal concentrating ability (loss of urine concentrating ability precedes azotemia in patients with renal disease because it starts at approximately 66% decrease in function)

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2
Q

what lab results will you look at concurrently with your USG?

A

age, hydration status, BUN, & creatinine

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3
Q

T/F: normal neonates on milk diets have a lower USG

A

TRUE

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4
Q

if the USG of an animal is adequate but is azotemic, what is the classification of the azotemia?

A

pre-renal

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5
Q

low USG with azotemia indicates what?

A

non-renal causes of PU/PD - diabetes mellitus, HAC

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6
Q

what are the normal USG values for dogs, cats, & large animals?

A

dogs: greater than 1.030, cats: greater than 1.040, & large animals: greater than 1.025

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7
Q

what is isosthenuria? what does it indicate?

A

USG of 1.008-1.012, loss of renal concentrating ability & urine osmolality is similar to plasma - indicates renal tubular dysfunction

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8
Q

what is hyposthenuria? what does it indicate?

A

USG less than 1.008, kidney can dilute urine but not concentrate it either from a lack of response to ADH or renal medullary wash out

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9
Q

what diseases do we often see hyposthenuric animals?

A

diabetes insipidus, primary or secondary to other disease (most common is HAC)

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10
Q

when is a urine pH useful?

A

when assessing sediment & crystalluria

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11
Q

grazing animals typically have what type of urine pH? what about carnivores?

A

grazing: alkaline & carnivores: acidic

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12
Q

what are some examples of bacterias that affect urine pH? what do they do to the pH?

A

streptococcus, ureaplasma, & proteus species

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13
Q

T/F: protein in dilute urine is more significant than in concentrated urine

A

TRUE

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14
Q

what is the typical range of protein in the urine from a dipstick?

A

negative to 3+

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15
Q

what should you do if you have a high amount of protein in the urine off of a dipstick?

A

UPC

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16
Q

what values of UPC are considered to be significant in dogs & cats? what should you interept it in light of & why?

A

dogs: greater than 0.5 & cats: greater than 0.4 - increases with bleeding, inflammation, or infection in the urinary tract, but consider glomerular disease if the sediment is inactive

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17
Q

T/F: in animals with multiple myeloma, you will see proteinuria with bence jones proteins which are free light chains of immunoglobulins

A

TRUE

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18
Q

T/F: normal urine does NOT contain glucose

A

TRUE

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19
Q

if there is glucose in the urine, what does that indicate?

A

renal threshold has been exceeded

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20
Q

T/F: transient stress hyperglycemia in cats & cattle can cause glucosuria

A

TRUE

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21
Q

in an animal with fanconi syndrome, what would you expect their glucose in their blood & urine to be? why?

A

normal blood BG & glucose in urine - seen with renal tubular defect

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22
Q

ketones on a dipstick mainly detects what type?

A

acetoacetic acid

23
Q

what does ketonuria indicate? what are some examples of diseases in dogs/cats, sheep, & cattle where this may be seen?

A

abnormal energy metabolism (negative energy balance - fat used for energy instead of glucose), dogs & cats - unregulated diabetes, sheep - pregnancy toxemia, & cattle - bovine ketosis type I

24
Q

T/F: for dogs only, a low level of bilirubin in the urine is normal

A

TRUE

25
Q

T/F: bilirubin will increase in the urine before it increases in the serum in an animal with cholestasis

A

TRUE

26
Q

is heme on a dipstick specific? what does it detect?

A

nope - detects free hemoglobin (secondary to intravascular hemolysis), myoglobin (secondary to rhabdomyolysis), & hematuria

27
Q

how do you differentiate causes of pigmenturia?

A

centrifuge urine samples - blood sediments out while hemoglobin/myoglobin doesn’t

28
Q

for cellular constituents of urine looked at microscopically, how are they counted?

A

counted per high powered field

29
Q

why may you have increased red blood cells when doing a microscopic examination of urine?

A

influenced by collection method (low numbers in cystocentesis), contamination from genital tract if free catch samples (post-partum, estrus, & BPH in male dogs)

30
Q

how may a UTI influence what you see microscopically of the urine?

A

pyuria with UTI - increased WBC & bacteria (if isothenuric, bacteria may not be seen), or pyuria with hematuria - increased WBC in conjunction with increased RBC where there are more RBC than WBC

31
Q

what kind of cells can exfoliate into the urine? what does that indicate?

A

neoplastic epithelial cells - TCC

32
Q

T/F: you can see sperm in the urine from healthy intact males

A

TRUE

33
Q

if you see crystals in urine microscopically, what does that indicate?

A

urine supersaturation with minerals involved in crystal formation

34
Q

what different diseases can crystalluria indicate?

A

urinary tract disease (struvite, aka magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals, in small animals with bacterial UTIs), metabolic disease (ammonium biurate crystals in dogs with PSS)

35
Q

what is different for horses & urinary crystals?

A

normal horses can have high levels of calcium crystals

36
Q

what are patient factors that can influence urine crystal formation? what are some in vitro factors?

A

supersaturation of urine with crystallogenic substances, diet, & urine pH - storage temperatures & pH

37
Q

does crystal type represent urolith type? why?

A

nope - can see struvite crystals in a dog with calcium oxalte urolithiasis & concurrent bacterial UTI

38
Q

what is the most common urinary crystal found in dogs & cats? what does it look like? when are they seen?

A

struvite, coffin lid shape that forms in neutral to alkaline urine - increased incidence with urease-producing bacterial UTIs because infection increases urine pH & liberates ammonium

39
Q

what do calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals look like? how do they form?

A

envelope shape, can form at any pH - can develop spontaneously in stored urine, so interpret with caution

40
Q

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are specific for what disease in small animals? what do they look like? what do they indicate? what animal may they appear normally in?

A

ethylene glycol toxicity (crystals with picket fence) - in others, dumb bell/spindle shape or oval shaped that form due to super saturation with calcium & oxalate (can be seen in normal horse urine)

41
Q

what do bilirubin crystals in the urine look like? what animals are they seen in?

A

needle to granular like yellow color that form in normal to highly concentrated urine - seen in animals with cholestasis

42
Q

what animals commonly get calcium carbonate urinary crystals? what do they look like? what animals don’t get them?

A

normal horse, rabbits, guinea pigs, & goats (large sphere with radial striations) - not seen in dogs & cats

43
Q

what do ammonium biurate urinary crystals look like? what animals are they seen in & why?

A

brown to yell spheres with irregular protrusions that form in neutral to acidic urine - animals with congenital or acquired portal vascular anomalies & also seen in urine of normal dalmatians & english bulldogs (both are predisposed to urolithiasis)

44
Q

what do cysteine urinary crystals look like? when are they seen & why?

A

hexagon shape, form in acidic urine - indicative of inborn error of metabolism, almost always intact male dogs

45
Q

what are urinary casts? what do they mean clinically?

A

cynlindrical appearance of mucoproteins that are secreted by renal tubular epithelial cells that can indicate renal tubular damage (acute kidney injury)

46
Q

what type of urinary cast can be seen in healthy animals with concentrated urine?

A

hyaline

47
Q

cellular urinary casts are most commonly seen with what disease processes? what does it indicate?

A

renal ischemia, infarction, & nephrotoxicity - acute tubular injury

48
Q

what are granular casts? when are they seen?

A

degeneration of cellular casts - form for the same reasons as cellular casts

49
Q

what are waxy urinary casts? what do they indicate?

A

final stage of cellular cast degredation, indicates more chronic tubular injury

50
Q

T/F: normal urine is sterile

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F: voided urinary samples can have a low number of bacteria from lower urinary tract contamination

A

TRUE

52
Q

patients with diabetes mellitus can have clinically significant bacteriuria without pyuria, why?

A

they are immunosuppressed

53
Q

if a patient you collected urine from with either a sterile catheterization or cystocentesis, the urine should or should not have contamination?

A

none - if any is seen, significant

54
Q

what fungal element is often seen in urine that indicates infection in immunosuppressed patients?

A

yeast

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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