Bovine Top 20 Reproductive Diseases - Part 1 Flashcards
how are vaginal prolapses graded? what do the grades mean?
by grade, grade I: intermittent prolapse especially when recumbent, grade II: continuous prolapse, grade III: continuous prolapse of the vagina, bladder, & cervix, & grade IV: grade II or III with tissue damage by trauma, infection, or necrosis
what cows are often affected by vaginal prolapses?
mature cows with enlarged abdomens (fat, fetus, gi) in their last trimester
when will a uterine prolapse occur in cows?
within hours of parturition
what are the risk factors of uterine prolapse in cows?
multiparous cows, first calf beef heifers, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, hypocalcemia, & atony
how do you diagnose a vaginal prolapse vs a uterine prolapse?
vaginal: may see cervix & inflamed mucosa, uterus: see cotyledons and maybe a retained placenta
how do you treat a vaginal prolapse?
epidural, lube, replacement, tack with buhner suture (deeply buried circumferential suture placed around the vestibule to provide support at the point of initial eversion of vaginal wall)
why is the caslick’s procedure not useful for uterine prolapses in cows?
uterine prolapse begins at the apex of the uterine horn not at the vulva
how do you treat a uterine prolapse in a cow?
address shock, epidural, cleanse uterus, lube, & replacement - once uterus is in position, infuse warm sterile saline to ensure replacement of the tip of the uterine horn without trauma
what is a secondary risk associated with vaginal prolapses in cows?
urethra may be occluded causing urinary bladder rupture
what is the prognosis for uterine prolapses in cows?
good to excellent for mature heifers but poor for first calf heifers
T/F: there may be a genetic component in the cause of vaginal prolapses in cows
TRUE
why are oxytocin & IV calcium indicated in most cases of uterine prolapses in cows?
helps to increase uterine tone
what etiologies are often implicated in causing subclinical mastitis?
staph aureus & coagulase negative staph species
what etiologies often cause acute mastitis in cows?
strep dysgalactiae & coliforms
what clinical signs are associated with acute mastitis in cows?
systemic illness, fever, anorexia, tachycardia, diarrhea, depression, toxemia, & serous to serosanguinous milk
what clinical signs are associated with chronic mastitis in cows?
hot, firm udder, erythema, edema, pain, abnormal milk with flankes/fibrin/blood
what are the environmental etiologies that cause mastitis in cows?
strep uberis, strep dysgalactiae, & coliforms
what are the contagious etiologies that cause mastitis in cows?
staph aureus, strep agalactiae, trueperella pyogenes, mycoplasma spp
what is a CMT test? how does it work?
test that measures somatic cell counts on individual cows or bulk milk - detergent lyses somatic cells, add equal volumes of milk & reagent & observe amount of gel formation
what are the normal counts of somatic cells in milk?
normally 75% WBC & 25% epithelial cells
what are the normal parameters for bulk tank milk?
less than 750,000 SCC/ml, less than 10 coliforms/ml, & less than 100,000 bacteria/ml
how is mastitis prevented in cows?
decrease stress/environmental contamination, post milking teat dipping, dry cow therapy (infuse all quarters at dry off), culling, & proper milking machine management & testing
what is the predominant immunoglobulin in cow’s milk?
IgG1
what provides the most important defense in mammary glands of cows?
neutrophils
what etiology may be involved in causing summer mastitis? what bug is implicated?
trueperlla mastitis - sheep head fly
what is leptospirosis mastitis called? why?
milk drop syndrome/flabby bag - rapid drop in milk production causes a flaccid ulcer
are dairy or beef cattle more often affected by retained fetal membranes?
dairy
what defines retained fetal membranes?
fetal membranes that have not been expelled for greater than 12 hours
what are the risk factors of retained fetal membranes?
dystocia, abortion, twins, hypocalcemia, increased environmental temperatures, older cows, premature births, induction of parturition, placentitis, & history of retained fetal membranes
retained fetal membranes may increase the risk of what in cows?
mastitis, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, & tetanus
how are retained fetal membranes treated?
DO NOT PULL - trim what Is visible, cows will expel it in 3-11 days regardless of treatment, systemic antibiotics if systemic illness
what treatments have been proven to not help in retained fetal membranes of cows?
intrauterine antibiotics, PGF2a, oxytocin, estradiol, & calcium
how are retained fetal membranes prevented?
good, dry cow management
what is the prognosis for retained fetal membranes?
good to excellent
what are the first & second biggest reproductive problems in cattle?
number one is failure to detect estrus & second is endometritis
when does endometritis often occur?
3 days to 2 weeks postpartum
what are contributing factors to endometritis in cows?
over-conditioning, unclean calving environment, assisted calving/dystocia, retained placenta, unnecessary post partum infusions, inaccurate heat detection resulting in too much AI, & presence of trueperella pyogenes or ureaplasma
what clinical signs are seen in a cow with endometritis?
decreased conception rates, shortened estrous cycles, purulent vaginal discharge
what is the most common cause of endometritis in cows? what are some other causes?
trueperella pyogenes - campylobacter fetus venerealis, brucella abortus, tritrichomoniasis, & leptsospirosis
how is endometritis in cows diagnosed?
rectal exam feeling a large, fluid filled uterus, & endometrial cytology/culture (can also do an ultrasound)
how is endometritis prevented in cows?
good dry cow management
how is endometritis treated in cows?
PGF2a to lyse persistent CL, if septic, systemic antibiotics, NSAIDS, & iv fluids
T/F: normal uterine involution in a cow will get rid of bacteria in most cows by 2 months post calving
TRUE
T/F: cows are more resistant to endometritis during estrus
TRUE
T/F: DO NOT use uterine infusions or lavage when treating a cow with endometritis
true
what clinical signs are seen in a cow with follicular cysts on her ovaries?
nymphomania, short inter-estrus intervals, extended calving intervals, increased heat behavior, & mucoid vaginal discharge
what clinical signs are seen in a cow with luteal cysts on her ovaries?
anestrous behavior
can you differentiate between ovarian cyst type on a rectal exam of a cow?
nope
what does a follicular ovarian cyst look like on ultrasound?
thin walled, less than 3 mm, more than 25 mm in diamtere, often multiple cysts, & absence of corpus luteum
what does a luteal ovarian cyst look like on ultrasound?
thick walled, more than 3 mm, more than 25 mm in diameter, trabeculae, & usually a single cyst - will have high progesterone levels
how long do follicular cysts on ovaries in cows last?
persist more than 10 days
how are follicular ovarian cysts in cows treated?
GnRH to encourage ovulation, LH type treatment
how are luteal ovarian cysts in cows treated?
PGF2a encourages luteal lysis - treatment will allow estrus in 3-5 days
why do follicular ovarian cysts cause nymphomania in cows?
increased estradiol & decreased progesterone
why not manually rupture ovarian cysts in cows?
may cause ovarian trauma & hemorrhage
