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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Bovine Top 20 Reproductive Diseases - Part 1 > Flashcards

Bovine Top 20 Reproductive Diseases - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how are vaginal prolapses graded? what do the grades mean?

A

by grade, grade I: intermittent prolapse especially when recumbent, grade II: continuous prolapse, grade III: continuous prolapse of the vagina, bladder, & cervix, & grade IV: grade II or III with tissue damage by trauma, infection, or necrosis

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2
Q

what cows are often affected by vaginal prolapses?

A

mature cows with enlarged abdomens (fat, fetus, gi) in their last trimester

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3
Q

when will a uterine prolapse occur in cows?

A

within hours of parturition

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4
Q

what are the risk factors of uterine prolapse in cows?

A

multiparous cows, first calf beef heifers, dystocia, retained fetal membranes, hypocalcemia, & atony

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5
Q

how do you diagnose a vaginal prolapse vs a uterine prolapse?

A

vaginal: may see cervix & inflamed mucosa, uterus: see cotyledons and maybe a retained placenta

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6
Q

how do you treat a vaginal prolapse?

A

epidural, lube, replacement, tack with buhner suture (deeply buried circumferential suture placed around the vestibule to provide support at the point of initial eversion of vaginal wall)

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7
Q

why is the caslick’s procedure not useful for uterine prolapses in cows?

A

uterine prolapse begins at the apex of the uterine horn not at the vulva

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8
Q

how do you treat a uterine prolapse in a cow?

A

address shock, epidural, cleanse uterus, lube, & replacement - once uterus is in position, infuse warm sterile saline to ensure replacement of the tip of the uterine horn without trauma

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9
Q

what is a secondary risk associated with vaginal prolapses in cows?

A

urethra may be occluded causing urinary bladder rupture

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10
Q

what is the prognosis for uterine prolapses in cows?

A

good to excellent for mature heifers but poor for first calf heifers

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11
Q

T/F: there may be a genetic component in the cause of vaginal prolapses in cows

A

TRUE

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12
Q

why are oxytocin & IV calcium indicated in most cases of uterine prolapses in cows?

A

helps to increase uterine tone

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13
Q

what etiologies are often implicated in causing subclinical mastitis?

A

staph aureus & coagulase negative staph species

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14
Q

what etiologies often cause acute mastitis in cows?

A

strep dysgalactiae & coliforms

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15
Q

what clinical signs are associated with acute mastitis in cows?

A

systemic illness, fever, anorexia, tachycardia, diarrhea, depression, toxemia, & serous to serosanguinous milk

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16
Q

what clinical signs are associated with chronic mastitis in cows?

A

hot, firm udder, erythema, edema, pain, abnormal milk with flankes/fibrin/blood

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17
Q

what are the environmental etiologies that cause mastitis in cows?

A

strep uberis, strep dysgalactiae, & coliforms

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18
Q

what are the contagious etiologies that cause mastitis in cows?

A

staph aureus, strep agalactiae, trueperella pyogenes, mycoplasma spp

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19
Q

what is a CMT test? how does it work?

A

test that measures somatic cell counts on individual cows or bulk milk - detergent lyses somatic cells, add equal volumes of milk & reagent & observe amount of gel formation

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20
Q

what are the normal counts of somatic cells in milk?

A

normally 75% WBC & 25% epithelial cells

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21
Q

what are the normal parameters for bulk tank milk?

A

less than 750,000 SCC/ml, less than 10 coliforms/ml, & less than 100,000 bacteria/ml

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22
Q

how is mastitis prevented in cows?

A

decrease stress/environmental contamination, post milking teat dipping, dry cow therapy (infuse all quarters at dry off), culling, & proper milking machine management & testing

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23
Q

what is the predominant immunoglobulin in cow’s milk?

A

IgG1

24
Q

what provides the most important defense in mammary glands of cows?

A

neutrophils

25
Q

what etiology may be involved in causing summer mastitis? what bug is implicated?

A

trueperlla mastitis - sheep head fly

26
Q

what is leptospirosis mastitis called? why?

A

milk drop syndrome/flabby bag - rapid drop in milk production causes a flaccid ulcer

27
Q

are dairy or beef cattle more often affected by retained fetal membranes?

A

dairy

28
Q

what defines retained fetal membranes?

A

fetal membranes that have not been expelled for greater than 12 hours

29
Q

what are the risk factors of retained fetal membranes?

A

dystocia, abortion, twins, hypocalcemia, increased environmental temperatures, older cows, premature births, induction of parturition, placentitis, & history of retained fetal membranes

30
Q

retained fetal membranes may increase the risk of what in cows?

A

mastitis, metritis, ketosis, displaced abomasum, & tetanus

31
Q

how are retained fetal membranes treated?

A

DO NOT PULL - trim what Is visible, cows will expel it in 3-11 days regardless of treatment, systemic antibiotics if systemic illness

32
Q

what treatments have been proven to not help in retained fetal membranes of cows?

A

intrauterine antibiotics, PGF2a, oxytocin, estradiol, & calcium

33
Q

how are retained fetal membranes prevented?

A

good, dry cow management

34
Q

what is the prognosis for retained fetal membranes?

A

good to excellent

35
Q

what are the first & second biggest reproductive problems in cattle?

A

number one is failure to detect estrus & second is endometritis

36
Q

when does endometritis often occur?

A

3 days to 2 weeks postpartum

37
Q

what are contributing factors to endometritis in cows?

A

over-conditioning, unclean calving environment, assisted calving/dystocia, retained placenta, unnecessary post partum infusions, inaccurate heat detection resulting in too much AI, & presence of trueperella pyogenes or ureaplasma

38
Q

what clinical signs are seen in a cow with endometritis?

A

decreased conception rates, shortened estrous cycles, purulent vaginal discharge

39
Q

what is the most common cause of endometritis in cows? what are some other causes?

A

trueperella pyogenes - campylobacter fetus venerealis, brucella abortus, tritrichomoniasis, & leptsospirosis

40
Q

how is endometritis in cows diagnosed?

A

rectal exam feeling a large, fluid filled uterus, & endometrial cytology/culture (can also do an ultrasound)

41
Q

how is endometritis prevented in cows?

A

good dry cow management

42
Q

how is endometritis treated in cows?

A

PGF2a to lyse persistent CL, if septic, systemic antibiotics, NSAIDS, & iv fluids

43
Q

T/F: normal uterine involution in a cow will get rid of bacteria in most cows by 2 months post calving

A

TRUE

44
Q

T/F: cows are more resistant to endometritis during estrus

A

TRUE

45
Q

T/F: DO NOT use uterine infusions or lavage when treating a cow with endometritis

A

true

46
Q

what clinical signs are seen in a cow with follicular cysts on her ovaries?

A

nymphomania, short inter-estrus intervals, extended calving intervals, increased heat behavior, & mucoid vaginal discharge

47
Q

what clinical signs are seen in a cow with luteal cysts on her ovaries?

A

anestrous behavior

48
Q

can you differentiate between ovarian cyst type on a rectal exam of a cow?

A

nope

49
Q

what does a follicular ovarian cyst look like on ultrasound?

A

thin walled, less than 3 mm, more than 25 mm in diamtere, often multiple cysts, & absence of corpus luteum

50
Q

what does a luteal ovarian cyst look like on ultrasound?

A

thick walled, more than 3 mm, more than 25 mm in diameter, trabeculae, & usually a single cyst - will have high progesterone levels

51
Q

how long do follicular cysts on ovaries in cows last?

A

persist more than 10 days

52
Q

how are follicular ovarian cysts in cows treated?

A

GnRH to encourage ovulation, LH type treatment

53
Q

how are luteal ovarian cysts in cows treated?

A

PGF2a encourages luteal lysis - treatment will allow estrus in 3-5 days

54
Q

why do follicular ovarian cysts cause nymphomania in cows?

A

increased estradiol & decreased progesterone

55
Q

why not manually rupture ovarian cysts in cows?

A

may cause ovarian trauma & hemorrhage

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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