Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 4 Flashcards
what animals are most often affected by toad toxicity?
dogs affected most - sometimes cats
what body systems are affected by toad toxicity?
CNS, cardiovascular system
what are the toxic principles in toad toxicity?
bufagenins - act like digitalis, bufotoxins - act like local anesthetics, catecholamines, serotonin (block sodium channels in nerves)
what is the most toxic toad found in the us?
giant or marine toad (rhinella marina) - florida, texas, & hawaii
how is toad toxicity diagnosed?
history of exposure
how is toad toxicity treated?
thoroughly rinse mouth, treat any cardiac arrhythmias & give digoxin specific antibody If refractory, decrease salivation (atropine if normal cardiac rhythm), benzos for CNS excitement, & oxygen therapy for cyanosis
when is toad toxicity most often seen?
warm weather
what clinical signs are seen with toad toxicity?
oral irritation/frothing/pawing at mouth, retching, vomiting, cyanosis, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, & death
what are the major categories of insecticides that commonly cause toxicosis?
organophosphates, carbamates, organocholines, & pyrethrins
what body systems are affected by organophosphates & carbamates?
all systems - especially gi, neuromuscular, & CNS
what muscarinic clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?
SLUD - salivation, lacrimation, urination, & diarrhea
what nicotinic clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?
muscle tremors & weakness
what central nervous system clinical signs are seen with insecticide toxicity?
anxiety, ataxia, & seizures
what body system is affected by organochlorines?
CNS
what clinical signs are seen with organochlorine toxicity?
abnormal behavior, posture, vocalization, neuromuscular tremors, convulsions, & hyperthermia
what body system is affected by pyrethrin toxicity?
CNS
what clinical signs are seen with pyrethrin toxicity?
tremors, seizures, incoordination, hunched back, salivation, & death
how is organophosphate toxicosis diagnosed?
measure acetylcholinesterase concentration in blood & brain (usually a 70% or more decrease) & measure organophosphates in stomach/rumen, blood/serum, & urine
how is carbamate toxicosis diagnosed?
measure acetylcholinestersae concentration in blood/brain (usually 50% or more decrease) & measure carbamates in stomach/rumen, blood/serum, urine
how is organochlorine toxicosis diagnosed?
measure organochlorines in brain/liver/kidney/fat/stomach & check blood/urine in rest of herd/flock
how is pyrethrin toxicosis diagnosed?
measure pyrethrins/pyrethroids in tissues/fluids
what treatment is used for organophosphate toxicity?
decontamination, atropine, 2-PAM, & diazepam for seizures
what drug class should not be given to an animal with organophosphate toxicosis?
phenothiazines - will potentiate organophosphate
what treatment is used for carbamate toxicity?
decontamination, atropine, no 2-PAM!!!
why can 2-PAM not be used in an animal with carbamate toxicity?
can reversibly bind & inhibit acetylcholinestersae & may exacerbate clinical signs
what treatment is used for organochlorine toxicity?
bathe if dermal exposure, decontamination, reduce stress, barbiturates, or diazepam
what treatment is used for pyrethrin toxicity?
bathe if dermal exposure, activated charcoal, barbiturates, or diazepam
why not induce emesis for a case of pyrethrin toxicity?
petroleum solvent may cause aspiration pneumonia
what is the pathophysiology of organophosphate toxicity?
irreversibly inactivates acetylecholinesterase at synapses & in erythrocytes
why are newer organophosphates considered to be safer?
they require hepatic activation
what is the pathophysiology of carbamate toxicity?
reversibly inactivates acetylcholinesterase at synapses and in erythrocytes
T/F: carbamates are considered to be safer than organophosphates and are used more often
TRUE
why are organochlorines not frequently used?
tissue residues & chronic toxicity
what is the pathophysiology of organochlorines?
CNS stimulation
what is the pathophysiology of pyrethrin toxicity?
affect sodium, chloride, & calcium channels - affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
where are pyrethrins & pyrethroids derived from?
pyrethrins: plant c. cinerariaefolium, pyrethroids: synthetic derivatives of pyrethrins
what body systems are affected by petroleum product toxicity?
respiratory, gi, CNS, & dermal
what animals are most often affected by petroleum product toxicity?
usually dogs, cats, or ruminants - all species are vulnerable
what clinical signs are seen in all species with petroleum product toxicity?
excitability, incoordination, shivering, dyspnea, aspiration pneumonia, & death
what clinical signs are seen in small animals with petroleum product toxicity?
salivation, cough, choking, & vomiting
what clinical signs are seen in ruminants with petroleum product toxicity?
bloat
what is the toxic principle of petroleum products?
volatile hydrocarbons
how is petroleum product toxicity diagnosed?
odor of hydrocarbons from lungs/rumen contents/feces & measure hydrocarbons in lung/liver/kidney/gi contents
what treatment is used for small animals with petroleum product toxicity?
activated charcoal and maybe antibiotics for pneumonia - do not induce emesis because of aspiration risk
what treatment is used for ruminants with petroleum product toxicity?
relieve bloat with stomach tube
what is the pathophysiology of petroleum product toxicity?
cns dysfunction - chemical aspiration pneumonia from low viscosity & high volatility (gasoline, kerosene) increase aspiration risk
what is the prognosis for petroleum product toxicity that resulted in aspiration pneumonia?
poor
when may animals be exposed to petroleum products causing toxicity?
dogs/cats may ingest when grooming & ruminants may ingest because curious or thirsty
what animals are more severely affected by smoke inhalation?
smaller animals & birds
when do clinical signs start & peak from smoke inhalation?
12-48 hours after inhalation & compromise peaks at 12-24 hours post-inhalation
what clinical signs are seen from smoke inhalation?
coughing, stridor, tachypnea, dyspnea, voice change, depression, weakness, obtundation, & coma
what are some examples of toxic principles from smoke inhalation?
carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, methane, sulfur trioxide, & pyrolysis products (cause polymer fume fever)
what is the gold standard diagnostic for smoke inhalation?
laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy - see edema, ulceration, & subglottic injury
is PaO2 affected by carbon monoxide poisoning?
nope
how is smoke inhalation diagnosed?
pulse oximetry, arterial blood gas, elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentration, elevated lactate concentration, decreased PCV/hemoglobin (after 1 week)
what may be seen on thoracic imaging on a smoke inhalation case?
atelectasis, pulmonary edema, hyperinflation at 24-36 hours post inhalation
what may be seen on ecg on a case of smoke inhalation?
compatible with cariac ischemia (s-t segment elevation or depression & t wave inversion)
what specific treatment is indicated for methemoglobinemia from smoke inhalation?
methylene blue
what specific treatment is indicated for polymer fume fever?
acetylcysteine
what treatment is used for smoke inhalation cases?
intubation or tracheostomy to administer oxygen, bronchodilators, antibiotics, & corticosteroids
what is the pathophysiology of smoke inhalation?
thermal injury & inhaled toxicants
T/F: steam produces SEVERE lung injury
TRUE
what body system is affected by strychnine?
CNS
what animals are most often affected by strychine?
all species are vulnerable but most often in western USA in young large breed intact male dogs
what initial clinical signs are seen with strychnine toxicity?
nervous, stiff, & very rapid progression of clinical signs
what clinical signs are seen from strychnine toxicity?
generalized rigidity, tetanic spasms, tonic clonic seizures, hyperthermia, & death
what is the toxic principle of strychnine?
indole alkaloid
how is strychnine toxicity diagnosed?
measure strychnine in stomach contents, liver, kidney, & urine
how is strychnine toxicity treated?
decontamination, control seizures (pentobarb or methocarbamol), & prevent asphyxiation (intubate & breath for animal)
where does strychnine come from?
seeds of indian tree strychnos nuxvomica
what is the pathophysiology of strychnine toxicity?
competitive & reversible inhibition of the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine at post-synaptic sites in spinal cord & medulla
T/F: there is restricted use of strychnine in pesticides because it is so highly toxic
TRUE
T/F: strychnine is often used in gopher bait
TRUE
