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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Bovine Top 20 Diseases - Part 3 > Flashcards

Bovine Top 20 Diseases - Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a cow with a selenium deficiency?

A

stiffness, tetany, cows under 1 year old with acute recumbency, stiff gait, & heart failure & adult cows - with retained placentas, anestrus, & cystic ovaries

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a cow with a magnesium deficiency?

A

adult cows, recently fresh, multiparous cow with recumbency, hyperesthesia, stiffness, hypertonicity, & sudden death

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3
Q

how is selenium deficiency diagnosed in a cow?

A

blood selenium levels < 0.05ppm & increased serum CK/AST/LDH

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4
Q

how is magnesium deficiency diagnosed in a cow?

A

serum magnesium < 1.5mg/dl

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5
Q

how is selenium deficiency in a cow treated?

A

give selenium, supportive care with slings, vitamin e, oxygen, & diuretics if heart failure

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6
Q

how is magnesium deficiency in a cow treated?

A

give magnesium & calcium after sedation with diazepam or else you can cause a fatal seizure

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7
Q

what is the prognosis for selenium deficiency in a cow? what about magnesium deficiency?

A

selenium - fair to good & magnesium - guarded to poor

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8
Q

magnesium deficiency is more common in what cows?

A

lactating cows on lush/potassium rich pastures with recent environmental changes

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9
Q

T/F: treatment for selenium deficiency doesn’t make necrotic muscles recover but just prevents further damage

A

TRUE

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10
Q

how is mastitis divided into categories in cows?

A

acute (high mortality), chronic (low mortality), contagious, environmental, & infectious

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11
Q

what is the classic case presentation of acute mastitis in cows?

A

serous to serosanguinous milk, diarrhea, obtunded, tachycardic, & febrile

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12
Q

what is the classic case presentation of chronic mastitis in cows?

A

swollen, firm, hot udder, discolored/flaky/watery milk, & few systemic signs

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13
Q

what are the most common bacterial etiologies that cause mastitis in cows?

A

strep, staph, & coliform bacterias

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14
Q

how is mastitis diagnosed in an individual cow?

A

udder palpates abnormally hard/abscessed, california mastitis test with a high somatic cell count, & milk culture

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15
Q

how is mastitis diagnosed on a herd level?

A

run a somatic cell count (> 750,000 indicates mastitis)

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16
Q

T/F: when treating mastitis, there are different treatments indicated for dry cows vs lactating cows, so withdrawal times need to be watched

A

TRUE

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17
Q

how do you make sure intramammary antibiotics for mastitis are used correctly for dry vs lactating cows?

A

the antibiotics will have different colored tips

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18
Q

what is the prognosis of mastitis caused by streptococci? what about staphylococcus?

A

strep - excellent, staph - variable

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19
Q

what is the difference between route of infection for environmental pathogens & infectious pathogens causing mastitis?

A

environmental - infects udder between milkings, infectious - infects udder during milking

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20
Q

what is stage I of milk fever? what is stage II of milk fever?

A

stage I - hyperexcitability, ataxia, & aggressive down cow, stage II - listless, fully down, & hypothermic cow

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21
Q

what are signs of a positive response to treatment of a stage II milk fever cow?

A

mascle fasciculations, belching, restlessness, urination, heart slows, & pulse strength improves

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22
Q

how is milk fever diagnosed?

A

clinical presentation - down, weak cow that has recently calved or is about to calve is usually diagnostic, total blood calcium < 8.0mg/dl, & ionized blood calcium < 4.5mg/dl

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23
Q

what treatment is used for stage I milk fever?

A

oral calcium salts

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24
Q

what treatment is used for stage II milk fever?

A

IV calcium in water, stop infusion if the pulse gets weak or the cow begins to pant

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25
Q

what treatment is used for refractory milk fever?

A

float cow in water tank if refractory

26
Q

what is the prognosis for milk fever?

A

good to excellent if there are no concurrent disorders

27
Q

what diets predispose a cow to milk fever?

A

diets high in potassium & low in anionic ions

28
Q

what part of the diet influences the incidence of milk fever in dry cows?

A

pre-partum dry cow rations

29
Q

what cows are most often affected by milk fever?

A

multiparous mature dairy or beef cow

30
Q

what is the classic case presentation of enzootic calf pneumonia?

A

thin, weaned calf with a good appetite, tachypnea, cough, & crackles/wheezes heard on lung auscultation with harsh sounds & no cranioventral sounds

31
Q

what is the classic case presentation of shipping fever?

A

any age cow recently shipped or stressed with tachypnea, soft cough, sepsis, & crackles/wheezes on lung auscultation with harsh sounds & no cranioventral sounds

32
Q

what are common bacterial isolates from enzootic calf pneumonia?

A

pasteurella multocida type a, mannheimia haemolytica, & mycoplasma bovis

33
Q

what are common bacterial isolates from shipping fever?

A

most often mannheimia haemolytica, but can have pasteurella multocida or histophilus somni

34
Q

how is bovine respiratory disease complex (enzootic calf pneumonia/shipping fever) diagnosed?

A

tracheal aspirate, pharyngeal swab, culture/cytology, ultrasound/rads of thorax, & pleurocentesis

35
Q

how is bovine respiratory disease complex treated?

A

appropriate legal use of antibiotics & anti-inflammatories

36
Q

T/F: there is a worse prognosis for bovine respiratory disease complex if there is a concurrent BVD infection

A

TRUE

37
Q

what prevention is used for bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

vaccinations against BVD, clostridial diseases, parainfluenza-3, & pasteurella multocida

38
Q

T/F: most calves affected with enzootic pneumonia or shipping fever recover but will have a delayed time to maturity

A

TRUE

39
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition black disease?

A

icterus

40
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition black leg?

A

swollen limb with crepitus & lameness

41
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

red water, icterus, hemoglobinuria, concurrent liver flukes

42
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition gas gangrene?

A

malodorous wound with crepitus

43
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition enterotoxemia?

A

bloat, colic

44
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition malignant edema?

A

necrotic fasciitis, lameness

45
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

multiparous dairy cow in peak production with blackberry jam feces & colic

46
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition botulism?

A

recumbency, weak tongue, tails, eyelids, jaw, & anus

47
Q

what clinical signs are seen with the clostridial condition tetanus?

A

stiffness, bilateral prolapsed nictitans, recent metritis, or wound

48
Q

what is the etiology of black disease?

A

c. novyi type b

49
Q

what is the etiology of black leg?

A

c. chauvoei

50
Q

what is the etiology of bacillary hemoglobinuria?

A

c. haemolyticum

51
Q

what is the etiology of gas gangrene?

A

many but especially c. perfringens

52
Q

what is the etiology of enterotoxemia?

A

c. perfringens type d

53
Q

what is the etiology of malignant edema?

A

c. septicum

54
Q

what is the etiology of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

c. perfringens type a with b-2 toxin

55
Q

what is the etiology of botulism?

A

c. botulinum

56
Q

what is the etiology of tetanus?

A

c. tetani

57
Q

how are clostridial conditions diagnosed?

A

aspiration or tissue collection for anaerobic culture, toxin analysis, PCR, or fluorescent antibody testing

58
Q

what is the prognosis for clostridial diseases in cattle?

A

poor to grave due to rapid disease progression (inversely related to survival rate)

59
Q

T/F: clostridium species are common contaminants of ruminant digestive tracts & soil

A

TRUE

60
Q

what is required for clostridial growth?

A

necrotic tissue!!! they are anaerobes!!!

61
Q

how are clostridial diseases prevented in cattle?

A

vaccinations using the 6 way clostridial bacterin/toxoid

62
Q

how are clostridial disease treated?

A

when applicable - wound debridement, local antitoxin injection, & systemic antimicrobials

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