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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Chemistry Energy & Metabolism > Flashcards

Cross Species - Chemistry Energy & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are some non-pathological factors that can influence energy/protein metabolism results on a chemistry panel?

A

sample handling can cause hemolysis or failure to separate serum from red cells, interference from sample lipemia/icterus/in vivo hemolysis, & analyzer erros from limitations of in-clinic analyzers (failure to accurately measure significantly increased values)

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2
Q

what medications are know to cause pseudohypochloremia & ALP increases in dogs?

A

hypochloridemia - potassium bromide, increased ALP - steroids

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3
Q

what is the primary cellular energy source?

A

glucose

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4
Q

what is glucose derived from?

A

dietary carb metabolism, hepatic gluconeogenesis, & glycogenolysis

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5
Q

what controls glucose levels? changes in it do what?

A

insulin - pathologic changes will affect BG

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6
Q

what is the stress response of hyperglycemia? what animals is it seen in?

A

stress - transient increase from release of epinephrine/cortisol that is most pronounced in cats - also a negative prognostic indicator in cattle/horses with disease

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7
Q

why do we see hyperglycemia in end stage equine metabolic syndrome?

A

chronic insulin resistance causes poor tissue response to insulin, so you will see hyperglycemia despite hyperinsulinemia

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8
Q

what are counter-regulatory hormones that can cause hyperglycemia?

A

growth hormone in feline acromegaly, pregnancy (also growth hormone), steroids from stress, cushing’s, & PPID

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9
Q

what causes spurious hypoglycemia?

A

failure to separate serum & cells in a timely fashion causes red cell glucose consumption

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10
Q

what are the top causes of hypoglycemia?

A

insulinoma, sepsis, addison’s, liver dysfunction/shunt, starvation in neonatal puppies, canine xylitol toxicosis, exertional hypoglycemia in hunting dogs/endurance horses

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11
Q

what are the renal threshold values for glucose in dogs, cats, horses, & cows?

A

dogs: 180-200, cats: 280-290, horses: 160-180, & cattle: 100-140

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12
Q

is glucosuria diagnostic for diabetes mellitus?

A

no - only indicates that the renal threshold has been exceeded for any reason

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13
Q

how is fructosamine used to diagnose diabetes in small animals?

A

evaluates the BG over a longer period of time (2-3 weeks) if increased, prolonged hyperglycemia consistent with diabetes mellitus

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14
Q

what is the metabolism & excretion of cholesterol?

A

part of lipoproteins in blood that is mainly excreted in bile

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15
Q

what are the top metabolic causes of hypercholesterolemia? what are some others?

A

diabetes mellitus, cushing’s, & pancreatitis - others include canine hypothyroidism, & cholestasis/extrahepatic biliary obstruction in dogs/cats

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16
Q

what are the two main classes of triglycerides measured in serum?

A

chylomicrons & low-density lipoproteins

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17
Q

T/F: hypertriglyceridemia can cause visible serum lipemia

A

TRUE

18
Q

what are the top causes of hypertriglyceridemia in dogs & cats?

A

post-prandial in dogs/cats, if fasting dogs/cats, diabetes/cushing’s/pancreatitis

19
Q

what are the top causes of hypertriglyceridemia in horses?

A

PPID, EMS, excessive energy balance (hyperlipidemia syndrome) in any horse off of feed but especially in donkeys, mini horses, late term pregnancy, & obese horses

20
Q

what is the purpose of measuring non-esterified fatty acids in dairy cattle?

A

to assess excessive negative energy balance in the herd rather than individuals

21
Q

when are NEFAs measured in dairy cattle?

A

prepartum: 2-14 days before calving & postpartum: 3-14 days in milk

22
Q

what does an increase in NEFA in a dairy cow suggest?

A

the need to increase dietary energy density

23
Q

what is BHB? where do they come from in cows? what other ketones are included but not measurable?

A

beta-hydroxybutyrate, in ruminants from NEFA & VFA from rumen metabolism - other ketones include acetone & acetoacetate

24
Q

what is the main cause of elevated ketones in dogs/cats?

A

DKA

25
Q

what is the main cause of elevated BHB in dairy cows?

A

bovine ketosis post-calving

26
Q

what are some causes of increased BHB?

A

negative energy balance stimulates lipolysis & excessive absorption of butyrate due to feeding spoiled silage

27
Q

total protein is normally divided 50/50 between what values?

A

albumin & globulin

28
Q

what is the normal albumin globulin ratio?

A

1 to 1

29
Q

what is the production & purpose of albumin?

A

synthesized by the liver, significant contributor to plasma oncotic pressure, & carrier protein

30
Q

what causes increased albumin?

A

dehydration

31
Q

what are the top causes of hypoalbuminemia?

A

iatrogenic from overhydration, decreased production from liver dysfunction or acute phase inflammatory response

32
Q

in PLN, what protein is lost?

A

albumin

33
Q

in PLE, what proteins are lost?

A

albumin & globulin

34
Q

what are 2 ways in which albumin can be lost in the body?

A

hemorrhage & third spacing (loss in body cavity effusion)

35
Q

what is included in globulins?

A

all non-albumin proteins

36
Q

electrophoresis divides globulins into what?

A

alpha (acute phase proteins), beta (acute phase proteins), & gamma (immunoglobulins)

37
Q

how are globulins calculated if not measured?

A

total proteins - albumin

38
Q

what are the top causes of hyperglobulinemia?

A

inflammatory disease, active immune response (polyclonal gammopathy, FIP), in horses, gi parasitism & liver disease, & neoplasia (monoclonal gammopathy - multiple myeloma or lymphoma)

39
Q

what is the top cause of hypoglobulinemia in foals?

A

congenital/inherited immunodeficiency in foals

40
Q

what is fibrinogen? how long does it take to see changes in the numbers of it?

A

acute phase protein made by the liver that increases with inflammation - takes 24-48 hours to see an increase or decrease

41
Q

what animals do we routinely measure fibrinogen on?

A

horses & ruminants as an adjunct to a CBC

42
Q

what are the top causes of hypocholesterolemia?

A

hepatic dysfunction/shunt, in dogs, malabsorption/maldigestion (PLE), & in dairy cattle, lipidosis (increased NEFA:cholesterol ratio)

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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