Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 3 Flashcards
what crotalids are often involved in snake bites?
rattlesnakes, copperheads, & cotton mouths
what body systems are affected by snake bites?
dermal, hematopoietic, cardiac, & nervous systems
what clinical signs are seen with crotalid bites?
rapid necrotizing skin lesion with dark, bloody oozing fluid, marked swelling, may have neuro signs, & will be followed by coagulopathies & arrhythmias
snake bites from corsal snakes affect what part of the body?
nervous system
what clinical signs are seen with snake bites from coral snakes?
minimal local pain/swelling, lower motor neuron tetraparesis, tremors, ptyalism, & tachypnea
what body system is affected by bites from black widow spiders?
neuromuscular system
what clinical signs are seen with black widow spider bites?
anxiety, shallow breathing that is fast, painful muscle cramps, partial paralysis, & signs that can persist for days
what body system is affected by bites from brown recluse spiders?
dermal system
what clinical signs are seen with bites from brown recluse spiders?
discrete erythematous, very pruritic skin lesion then vesicle then bulls’ eye erythema, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, DIC, renal failure, shock, & later, development of black eschar which takes months to heal
what are the toxic principles of crotalid venom?
hemotoxin, necrotoxin, anticoagulant, and sometimes neurotoxin
how are crotalid bites diagnosed?
clinical signs, fang marks, & necrotizing tissue lesions
how are coral snake bites diagnosed?
neuro signs, fang marks may be difficult to find, & necrotizing tissue lesions
what is the toxic principle from brown recluse venom?
phospholipase - causes fever, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, & DIC
how are brown recluse spider bites diagnosed?
typical lesion appearance & later development of systemic signs
when is antivenom best given for crotalid bites?
best within 6 hours but no longer than 24 hours after
what treatment is given for crotalid bites?
clip/clean bite, antivenom, iv fluids, steroids are controversial due to risk of infection, analgesics, blood transfusion, & respiratory support
what treatment is given for coral snake bites?
clip/clean bite, antivenom (in short supply), iv fluids, analgesics, nursing care, & respiratory support
what treatment is given for black widow spider bites?
antivenom, muscle relaxants, & IV calcium gluconate
what treatment is given for brown recluse spider bites?
cold pack at the bite, steroids, dapsone, & antibiotics
what is the difference between rattlesnakes/cottonmouths/copper heads & coral snakes?
coral snakes are elapsids & the others are crotalids - crotalids are pit vipers with triangular heads & thick bodies
how do you differentiate a venomous coral snake from a non-venomous scarlet king snake?
red on yellow, kill the fellow - red on black is a friend to jack
where are coral snakes found?
southern USA
how are female black widow spiders identified?
shiny black with a red hourglass on abdomen
how are brown recluse spiders identified?
fiddleback or violin on dorsum
where is the biggest bite location risk for a horse?
on the muzzle from a snake - causes airway obstruction/swelling
T/F: fatal snake bites are more common in dogs
TRUE
what is the pathophysiology of venom from a black widow bite?
neurotoxin that causes the release of norepinephrine & acetylcholine from nerve terminals
what is the pathophysiology of venom from a brown recluse bite?
vasoconstriction, thrombolysis, hemolysis, & necrosis
what body systems are affected by non-protein nitrogen toxicity?
CNS, gi, & respiratory systems
what animals are most often affected by non-protein nitrogen toxicity?
ruminants most often affected
what clinical signs are seen with non-protein nitrogen toxicity?
acute, progressive, & fatal - exophthalmia, abdominal pain, frothy salivation, bruxism, belligerent behavior, tremors, incoordination, weakness, salivation, & dyspnea
how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity diagnosed?
history of dietary exposure, measure ammonia-nitrogen in serum/blood/forestomach fluid/urine (freeze specimen immediately)
how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity treated?
infuse rumen with 5% acetic acid & ice water & iv fluids with calcium & magnesium
why is non-protein nitrogen toxicity also known as ammonia toxicosis?
hyperammonemia
how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity prevented?
feed urea at less than 1% of total ruminant ration to prevent - takes weeks for the rumen microflora to adapt to addition of non-protein nitrogen
how do ruminants utilize non-protein nitrogen?
ruminants convert NPN via ruminal microbes to NH3 then NH3 & carbohydrate-derived keto acids form amino acids
what animals are most often affected by cantharidin toxicity?
horses
what body systems are affected by cantharidin toxicity?
gi & renal systems
what clinical signs are seen with cantharidin toxicity?
gi & renal irritation - pain, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, endotoxemia/shock with dark/congested mucus membranes, stiff gait, thumps, myocarditis, & possible death
how is cantharidin toxicity diagnosed?
measure cantharidin in gastric contents or urine within 3-4 days of ingestion - significant hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, & increased muscle enzymes
how is cantharidin toxicity treated?
mineral oil, activated charcoal via NG tube, supplement calcium/magnesium, iv fluid, & analgesics
what causes cantharidin toxicity?
blister beetle ingestion
what is the pathophsyiology of cantharidin toxicity?
ingestion of blister beetles that contain cantharidin - irritant causes blister & vesicle formation throughout gi & renal tract
what is the typical exposure of cantharidin causing toxicity?
beetles getting baled in alfalfa hay
how is cantharidin toxicity prevented?
beetles emerge in sw USA in may/june, so alfalfa hay made before or well after is the most safe to feed
what body systems are affected by salt toxicity?
gi & CNS
what animals are most often affected by salt toxicity?
most common in pigs, cattle, poultry, & increasing occurrence in dogs
what clinical signs are seen in cattle with salt toxicity?
gi pain, diarrhea, ataxia, paralysis, & belligerent behavior
what clinical signs are seen in birds/poultry with salt toxicity?
dyspnea, watery discharge from beak, & leg paralysis
what clinical signs are seen in pigs with salt toxicity?
pruritus, constipation, blind, deaf, & non-responsive
what clinical signs are seen in dogs with salt toxicity?
diarrhea & muscle tremors
how is salt toxicity diagnosed?
classic history/clinical signs - serum & CSF sodium concentration greater than 160 mEq/L
how is salt toxicity treated?
slow access to fresh water to restore normal sodium levels over 2-3 days, & if using iv fluids, decrease serum sodium concentrations at 0.5-1mEq/L/hr
what is the pathophysiology of salt toxicity?
gi irritation & cerebral edema
T/F: the mortality rate of salt toxicosis is 50% even with treatment
TRUE
what can you give a dog with salt toxicosis with no clinical signs but known ingestion?
emetics
how is salt toxicity mainly prevented?
make sure animals have access to fresh water
what animals are most often affected by iron toxicity?
newborn pigs
what body systems are affected by iron toxicity?
cardiovascular system, immune system, & calcium homeostasis
what acute clinical signs are seen with iron toxicity?
muscle damage at the injection site causes hyperkalemia, bradyarrhythmias, muscle tremors, convulsions, & death can occur 30 minutes to a few hours after injection
what subacute clinical signs are seen with iron toxicity?
iron overwhelms phagocytes leading to infection & death 2-4 days after injection
what can occur days after iron injections in newborn pigs? what happens?
calciphylaxis can occur - iron mobilizes calcium that causes a hard swelling at the injection site & leads to death
how is iron toxicity diagnosed?
history of iron injection
how is iron toxicity prevented?
supplement late gestation sows wwith vitamin e & selenium
T/F: iron toxicity may affect the whole litter of piglets or may be sporadic
TRUE
