Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 3 > Flashcards

Cross Species - Top 20 Toxicosis Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what crotalids are often involved in snake bites?

A

rattlesnakes, copperheads, & cotton mouths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what body systems are affected by snake bites?

A

dermal, hematopoietic, cardiac, & nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what clinical signs are seen with crotalid bites?

A

rapid necrotizing skin lesion with dark, bloody oozing fluid, marked swelling, may have neuro signs, & will be followed by coagulopathies & arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

snake bites from corsal snakes affect what part of the body?

A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what clinical signs are seen with snake bites from coral snakes?

A

minimal local pain/swelling, lower motor neuron tetraparesis, tremors, ptyalism, & tachypnea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what body system is affected by bites from black widow spiders?

A

neuromuscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what clinical signs are seen with black widow spider bites?

A

anxiety, shallow breathing that is fast, painful muscle cramps, partial paralysis, & signs that can persist for days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what body system is affected by bites from brown recluse spiders?

A

dermal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what clinical signs are seen with bites from brown recluse spiders?

A

discrete erythematous, very pruritic skin lesion then vesicle then bulls’ eye erythema, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, DIC, renal failure, shock, & later, development of black eschar which takes months to heal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the toxic principles of crotalid venom?

A

hemotoxin, necrotoxin, anticoagulant, and sometimes neurotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are crotalid bites diagnosed?

A

clinical signs, fang marks, & necrotizing tissue lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how are coral snake bites diagnosed?

A

neuro signs, fang marks may be difficult to find, & necrotizing tissue lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the toxic principle from brown recluse venom?

A

phospholipase - causes fever, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, & DIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how are brown recluse spider bites diagnosed?

A

typical lesion appearance & later development of systemic signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when is antivenom best given for crotalid bites?

A

best within 6 hours but no longer than 24 hours after

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what treatment is given for crotalid bites?

A

clip/clean bite, antivenom, iv fluids, steroids are controversial due to risk of infection, analgesics, blood transfusion, & respiratory support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what treatment is given for coral snake bites?

A

clip/clean bite, antivenom (in short supply), iv fluids, analgesics, nursing care, & respiratory support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what treatment is given for black widow spider bites?

A

antivenom, muscle relaxants, & IV calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what treatment is given for brown recluse spider bites?

A

cold pack at the bite, steroids, dapsone, & antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the difference between rattlesnakes/cottonmouths/copper heads & coral snakes?

A

coral snakes are elapsids & the others are crotalids - crotalids are pit vipers with triangular heads & thick bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you differentiate a venomous coral snake from a non-venomous scarlet king snake?

A

red on yellow, kill the fellow - red on black is a friend to jack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where are coral snakes found?

A

southern USA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are female black widow spiders identified?

A

shiny black with a red hourglass on abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are brown recluse spiders identified?

A

fiddleback or violin on dorsum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where is the biggest bite location risk for a horse?

A

on the muzzle from a snake - causes airway obstruction/swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T/F: fatal snake bites are more common in dogs

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the pathophysiology of venom from a black widow bite?

A

neurotoxin that causes the release of norepinephrine & acetylcholine from nerve terminals

28
Q

what is the pathophysiology of venom from a brown recluse bite?

A

vasoconstriction, thrombolysis, hemolysis, & necrosis

29
Q

what body systems are affected by non-protein nitrogen toxicity?

A

CNS, gi, & respiratory systems

30
Q

what animals are most often affected by non-protein nitrogen toxicity?

A

ruminants most often affected

31
Q

what clinical signs are seen with non-protein nitrogen toxicity?

A

acute, progressive, & fatal - exophthalmia, abdominal pain, frothy salivation, bruxism, belligerent behavior, tremors, incoordination, weakness, salivation, & dyspnea

32
Q

how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity diagnosed?

A

history of dietary exposure, measure ammonia-nitrogen in serum/blood/forestomach fluid/urine (freeze specimen immediately)

33
Q

how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity treated?

A

infuse rumen with 5% acetic acid & ice water & iv fluids with calcium & magnesium

34
Q

why is non-protein nitrogen toxicity also known as ammonia toxicosis?

A

hyperammonemia

35
Q

how is non-protein nitrogen toxicity prevented?

A

feed urea at less than 1% of total ruminant ration to prevent - takes weeks for the rumen microflora to adapt to addition of non-protein nitrogen

36
Q

how do ruminants utilize non-protein nitrogen?

A

ruminants convert NPN via ruminal microbes to NH3 then NH3 & carbohydrate-derived keto acids form amino acids

37
Q

what animals are most often affected by cantharidin toxicity?

A

horses

38
Q

what body systems are affected by cantharidin toxicity?

A

gi & renal systems

39
Q

what clinical signs are seen with cantharidin toxicity?

A

gi & renal irritation - pain, bloody diarrhea, hematuria, endotoxemia/shock with dark/congested mucus membranes, stiff gait, thumps, myocarditis, & possible death

40
Q

how is cantharidin toxicity diagnosed?

A

measure cantharidin in gastric contents or urine within 3-4 days of ingestion - significant hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, & increased muscle enzymes

41
Q

how is cantharidin toxicity treated?

A

mineral oil, activated charcoal via NG tube, supplement calcium/magnesium, iv fluid, & analgesics

42
Q

what causes cantharidin toxicity?

A

blister beetle ingestion

43
Q

what is the pathophsyiology of cantharidin toxicity?

A

ingestion of blister beetles that contain cantharidin - irritant causes blister & vesicle formation throughout gi & renal tract

44
Q

what is the typical exposure of cantharidin causing toxicity?

A

beetles getting baled in alfalfa hay

45
Q

how is cantharidin toxicity prevented?

A

beetles emerge in sw USA in may/june, so alfalfa hay made before or well after is the most safe to feed

46
Q

what body systems are affected by salt toxicity?

A

gi & CNS

47
Q

what animals are most often affected by salt toxicity?

A

most common in pigs, cattle, poultry, & increasing occurrence in dogs

48
Q

what clinical signs are seen in cattle with salt toxicity?

A

gi pain, diarrhea, ataxia, paralysis, & belligerent behavior

49
Q

what clinical signs are seen in birds/poultry with salt toxicity?

A

dyspnea, watery discharge from beak, & leg paralysis

50
Q

what clinical signs are seen in pigs with salt toxicity?

A

pruritus, constipation, blind, deaf, & non-responsive

51
Q

what clinical signs are seen in dogs with salt toxicity?

A

diarrhea & muscle tremors

52
Q

how is salt toxicity diagnosed?

A

classic history/clinical signs - serum & CSF sodium concentration greater than 160 mEq/L

53
Q

how is salt toxicity treated?

A

slow access to fresh water to restore normal sodium levels over 2-3 days, & if using iv fluids, decrease serum sodium concentrations at 0.5-1mEq/L/hr

54
Q

what is the pathophysiology of salt toxicity?

A

gi irritation & cerebral edema

55
Q

T/F: the mortality rate of salt toxicosis is 50% even with treatment

A

TRUE

56
Q

what can you give a dog with salt toxicosis with no clinical signs but known ingestion?

A

emetics

57
Q

how is salt toxicity mainly prevented?

A

make sure animals have access to fresh water

58
Q

what animals are most often affected by iron toxicity?

A

newborn pigs

59
Q

what body systems are affected by iron toxicity?

A

cardiovascular system, immune system, & calcium homeostasis

60
Q

what acute clinical signs are seen with iron toxicity?

A

muscle damage at the injection site causes hyperkalemia, bradyarrhythmias, muscle tremors, convulsions, & death can occur 30 minutes to a few hours after injection

61
Q

what subacute clinical signs are seen with iron toxicity?

A

iron overwhelms phagocytes leading to infection & death 2-4 days after injection

62
Q

what can occur days after iron injections in newborn pigs? what happens?

A

calciphylaxis can occur - iron mobilizes calcium that causes a hard swelling at the injection site & leads to death

63
Q

how is iron toxicity diagnosed?

A

history of iron injection

64
Q

how is iron toxicity prevented?

A

supplement late gestation sows wwith vitamin e & selenium

65
Q

T/F: iron toxicity may affect the whole litter of piglets or may be sporadic

A

TRUE

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions