Equine Top 20 Diseases - Part 3 Flashcards
what cinical signs are associated with cyathostomes?
diarrhea, wight loss, & colic
what clinical signs are associated with large strongyles & tapeworms?
colic
what clinical signs are associated with roundworms?
weight loss, colic, & in foals, pneumonia
how are gi parasites diagnosed in horses?
fecal egg counts
how are encysted cyathostomes treated?
fenbendazole 2x the dose for 5 days or moxidectin
how are large strongyles treated?
adults are susceptoble to most anthelmintics, larvae are susceptible to macrocyclic lactones
how are tapeworms treated in horses?
praziquantel or 2x pyrantel
how are roundworms treated in horses?
most anthelmintics work
what is the biggest parasite of concern in horses? when do they emerge? what damage do they cause?
cyathostomes - emerge in favorable climate conditions which are wet & not too hot or cold, cause damage to the large intestinal walls & cause colitis
what is the pathology caused by large strongyles?
larvae migrate through the cranial mesenteric artery causing arteritis & loss of blood supply to the large intestines which can cause a non-strangulating infarctive colic
what is the pathology caused by tapeworms?
attach at the ileocecal junction that can cause damage, perforation, & motility dysfunction
what is the pathology caused by roundworms?
large adult worm burden in small intestines that can lead to impaction - can see clinical signs after deworming
what treatment is used for all intestinal parasites that helps with preventing infection?
manure removal & pasture rotation
what are the 3 most common skin tumors seen in horses?
sarcoids, SCC, & melanoma
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with melanoma?
gray horse over 10 years old with black nodules under the tail, at the perineum, lips, prepuce, eyelids, parotid salivary glands, & guttural pouches
what are the different types of sarcoids?
nodular - raised spherical lumps, occult - hairless areas with thinned skin, verrucous - warty & scaly, fibroelastic - hemorrhagic & ulcerated, malevolent/malignant, & mixed which is the most common
what do SCC look like?
thickened, reddened, ulcerated areas on non-pigmented skin of the face, eyes, penis, & perineal area
how are sarcoids diagnosed?
excisional biopsy - incomplete surgical removal can trigger more aggressive behavior of the lesion
how are SCC diagnosed?
excisional biopsy
how are melanomas diagnosed?
clinical appearance or FNA
how are equine skin tumors treated?
all - surgical excision, cryotherapy, local chemo with cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, sarcoids - immunotherapy, SCC - radiation therapy, & melanomas - cimetidine
what virus are sarcoids associated with? how are they spread?
bovine papillomavirus - spread by flies, guarded prognosis due to recurrence
what causes SCC?
chronic irritation or UV exposure
T/F: malignant melanomas are more common in non-gray horses
TRUE
what type of sarcoid is most commonly seen in horses?
mixed type
what are the 4 main etiologies of equine viral encephalitis?
EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV
what clinical signs are seen in horses with west nile virus specifically?
fever, fasciculations of face & neck, hyperesthesia, & colic + altered mentation, cranial nerve signs, ataxia, paresis/paralysis
what is the classic case presentation of equine viral encephalitis?
altered mentation, cranial nerve signs, ataxia, paresis/paralysis
how is equine viral encephalitis diagnosed? what about west nile virus?
CSF analysis & IgM capture ELISA for WNV
how are equine viral encephalitis diseases treated?
supportive care
how are equine viral encephalitis diseases prevented?
vaccination & minimizing mosquitos
what disease is always on the list for a horse with neurologic disease?
rabies
T/F: in a horse with any kind of viral encephalitis, recumbency indicates poor prognosis
TRUE
what is the most common kind of infection for equine infectious anemia?
carrier state - inapparent!!!!
what is the common case presentation of acute equine infectious anemia?
fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia
what is the common case presentation of chronic equine infectious anemia?
recurrent fever with anemia, weight loss, ventral edema, & petechiae
what is the etiology of equine infectious anemia?
lentivirus
how is equine infectious anemia diagnosed?
coggins test (AGID gold standard that takes 24 hours) must be done at USDA approved lab & submitted by licensed vet
what treatment options are available for equine infectious anemia?
euthanasia or lifelong quarantine at least 200 yards away from other horses
T/F: in the USA, all horses moved interstate or sold within a state must have been tested negative for EIA at least within the last 12 months
TRUE
T/F: lentivirus cause a lifelong infection
TRUE
what are the 4 most common causes & presentations of severe lameness in horses?
foot abscess - increased digital pulse, sensitive to hoof testers, septic joint/synovial structure - effusion of joint or tendon sheath, cellulitis/lymphangitis - entire limb is swollen/hot +/- fever, & fracture/suspensory apparatus breakdown - more focally swollen limb, no fever
what AAEP lameness score is assigned for lame at a walk or non-weight bearing?
4 & 5
how are foot abscesses diagnosed?
hoof tester positive, maybe can locate abscess pocket with hoof knife
how are septic synovial structures diagnosed?
synovial fluid has increased protein, neutrophils, & lactate
how is cellulitis/lymphangitis diagnosed?
ultrasound - diagnosis of exclusion
how are fractures/breakdown injuries diagnosed?
radiographs & ultrasound for soft tissue injury
what treatment is used for foot abscesses?
paring, poultice, +/- NSAIDS
what treatment is used for septic synovial structure?
lavage, systemic & intra-articular antimicrobials, & NSAIDS
what treatment is indicated for cellulitis/lymphangitis?
anti-microbials, anti-inflammatories, bandaging, & cryotherapy
what treatment is indicated for fractures/breakdown injuries in horses?
emergency stabilization with splint/bandage & surgical repair for fracture
what is the prognosis for a horse with a foot abscess?
good
what is the prognosis for a horse with septic synovial structure?
depends on the structure affected & how quickly/aggressively treated
what is the prognosis for a horse with cellulitis/lymphangitis?
depends on whether it is acute or chronic, & how quickly/aggressively treated
what is the prognosis for a horse with fractures/breakdown injuries?
depends on location of injury, whether it is open or closed, degree of soft tissue injury, & displacement
