Equine Top 20 Diseases - Part 2 Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion?
pregnancy loss after placental development (40-45 days)
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion due to equine herpesvirus-1?
late term abortion with minimal fetal autolysis, placenta grossly normal, can be an outbreak
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion due to equine viral arteritis?
fetus autolyzed
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion due to leptospirosis?
icteric, autolyzed fetus
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion due to bacteria/ascending placentitis?
grossly edematous, brown, placenta with fibrinonecrotic exudate
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with infectious abortion due to fungal causes?
thickened placenta with minimal fetal autolysis
how is infectious abortion in a horse diagnosed?
necropsy of the fetus & fetal membranes with culture, histopath, & PCR
how is infectious abortion treated in horses?
no treatment
T/F: poor perineal conformation in a horse is a risk factor for ascending placentitis
TRUE
what is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion in horses?
twins
what diseases causing infectious abortion are contagious/zoonotic?
EHV/EVA/lepto are contagious & lepto is zoonotic
how is viral infectious abortion prevented? how is leptospirosis infectious abortion prevented?
prevent both with vaccination
what is another name for equine rhabdomyolysis?
tying up
what is the classic case presentation of equine rhabdomyolysis?
hard/painful muscles, reluctance to move, weakness, recumbency, dark urine from myoglobinuria
what are the two most common chronic types of equine rhabdomyolysis?
polysaccharide storage myopathy & recurrent exertional myopathy
what horses are affected by PSSM? what is the pathology behind it?
wuarter horse, warm blood, & draft horses - abnormal glycogen storage
what horses are affected by RER? what is the pathology behind it?
thoroughbred or standardbred - abnormal intracellular calcium metabolism
how is equine rhabdomyolysis diagnosed?
increased CK, AST, LDH +/- azotemia if myoglobinuria
what acute treatment is indicated for rhabdomyolysis?
nsaids, vasodilators (acepromazine), iv fluids
what long term treatment is used for rhabdomyolysis?
low starch/high fat diet with daily exercise
how is PSSM type I diagnosed?
genetic test
how is RER diagnosed?
muscle biopsy
what are some other types of myopathies that will make the differential list for tying up?
immune mediated myositis, pasture myopathy, malignant hyperthermia
how is RER prevented?
minimize stress, pre-treat with dantrolene (calcium channel blocker)
what is the agent that causes strangles?
strep equi subsp equi
what is the classic case presentation of strangles?
young horse with fever with mucoid to mucopurulent nasal discharge, lethargy, submandibular lymphadenopathy, & difficulty swallowing/inspiratory respiratory noise
how is strangles diagnosed?
PCR or culture on nasopharyngeal or guttural pouch wash or abscessed lymph node exudate
how is strangles treated?
drain/lavage abscess, procaine penicillin for horses with dyspnea/severe lethargy, supportive care
how is strangles trasmitted?
fomites & direct contact
why are all suspect strangles cases treated?
strict biosecurity due to how contagious it is!!!
what complications can occur with strangles that worsen prognosis?
purpura hemorrhagica, guttural pouch infection, & bastard strangles
what is the classic case presentation of viral upper respiratory infections in horses?
typically an outbreak in younger horses which is usually more severe, fever/lethargy/anorexia, serous nasal discharge, cough, & submandibular lymphadenopathy
what are the most common causes of viral uper respiratory infections in horses?
EHV-1, EHV-4, equine influenza virus, equine rhinitis virus, & equine viral arteritis
what’s the best way to diagnose a cause of a viral upper respiatory infection in horses?
PCR on nasal swab for viral antigens - rapid turnaround
how are viral upper respiratory infections treated?
nsaids, supportive care, & antibiotics only if worried about a secondary bacterial infection
what other diseases can be caused by EHV-1?
neurologic disease & abortion
what is the classic case presentation of a horse with laminitis?
walking on eggshells, reluctant to move, weight shifting, prominent arterial digitalpulses, warm feet, & recumbency in severe cases
what are the 4 main etiologies of laminitis?
systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated, endocrinopathic, support limb laminitis, & traumatic
what is seen with hoof testers that indicates laminitis?
positive to hoof testers over the toes
what radiographic changes indicate laminitis?
thickening of hoof/lamellar interface, rotation/skinking of P3, gas lines up dorsal hoof wall, & periosteal proliferation of dorsodistal P3 when chronic
what treatment is used for horses with laminitis?
distal limb cryotherapy, sole support, stall rest, pain relief with NSAIDS & opioids, corrective trimming/shoeing during chronic phase, & address underlying cause
chronic laminitis will have what on their hooves?
external divergent hoof rings
what is the prognosis for laminitis?
guarded
T/F: radiographic changes associated with laminitis may be absent in acute or mild cases
TRUE
