Exotics Top Topics - Aquatic Pharmacology Flashcards
what entity ensures the health & safety of aquatic animals during growth & movement?
national aquaculture health plan & standards
what are the different methods of medication administration for aquatic species?
medicated feed - often used for antimicrobials/antiparasitics
parenteral - usually only for valuable fish, either IM, intracoelomic, IV, or intradermal
topical
bath/immersion
how are drugs administered to fish in a parenteral fashion?
IM - in epaxial muscle (lateral to dorsal fin), avoid repeated doses in one spot because it can lead to necrosis
intracoelemic - given anterior to anus/vent lateral to the ventral midline, position fish in dorsal recumbency with head down so internal organs slide forward out of the way
IV/intradermal - rarely done
how are drugs applied topically to fish?
hold treated part out of water for 60 seconds to allow medication to dry
how are baths/immersions used to administer drugs to fish?
need an accurate estimate of volume of water in tank/system
T/F: uptake and/or toxicity of some drugs will be affected by specific water quality parameters, including pH, temperature, & salinity
true
what government entity is responsible for regulating legal drugs for food fish?
FDA center for veterinary medicine in USA & health canada veterinary drugs directorate in canada
T/F: there are very few drugs approved for food fish medicine
true
what are some examples of drugs permitted in US fish food?
antibiotics - chloramine-t, hydrogen peroxide, oxytetracycline HCl
medicated articles/feed - florfenicol, oxytetracycline dihydrate, sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, sulfamerazine
parasiticides - formalin
reproductive manipulation/spawning - chorionic gonadotropin (injectable) improves finfish spawning
anesthesia - tricaine methanesulfonate for temporary immobilization
what are ornamental/pet fish therapeutics?
non-approved but legal drugs indexed by the FDA that are ideally chosen based on culture/sensitivity or history of bacterial disease with many given as a medicated feed
why are baths less ideal than medicated feed for ornamental/pet fish?
variable uptake with some drugs not absorbed at all plus risk of damage to tank’s biofilter
what drugs are often used in a bath for ornamental/pet fish? which ones are not & why?
used - oxolinic acid, enrofloxacin, & kanamycin
not used - oxytetracycline uptake affected by water hardness & florfenicol/ceftazidime not absorbed in a bath at all
what drugs are often given by injection to ornamental/pet fish?
enrofloxacin, amikacin, cephalosporins, & erythromycin
what parasiticides are given to freshwater systems with adequate alkalinity/bicarbonate or in saltwater systems?
copper!!!
what parasiticides are used in ornamental/pet fish?
formalin, salt, organophosphates, diflubenzuron, metronidazole, fenbendazole, praziquantel, & chloroquine
be aware of legal/environmental issues
what antimicrobials are often given to ornamental/pet fish?
oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, kanamycin, cephalosporins, potentiated sulfas, & erythromycin
how are fish euthanized?
overdose of MS-222 with bicarbonate buffer
what drugs are given to fish for reproductive manipulation/spawning?
chorionic gonadotropin (chorulon) & GnRH analogue/domperidone compound (ovaprim)
what antibiotics are approved/allowed for non-food fish?
medicated feeds - florfenicol, oxytetracycline, & ormetoprim sulfadimethoxine
bath - 35% hydrogen peroxide, chloramine-t, potassium permanganate, & diquat
what parasiticides are approved/allowed for non-food fish?
formalin bath, hypersalinity for freshwater systems, hyposalinity for marine systems, copper sulfate bath, & potassium permanganate bath
what antifungals are approved/allowed for non-food fish?
formalin baths & potassium permanganate baths
what disinfection drugs are approved/allowed for non-food fish?
formaldehyde, formalin, potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, EDTA, bleach (liquid or granular), & virkon aquatic (active ingredient 21.4% potassium peroxymonosulfate & 1.5% sodium chloride)
what reproductive manipulation/spawning compounds are approved/allowed for non-food fish?
chorionic gonadotropin (chorulon)
what resources can be used for reference approved/allowed drugs for non-food fish?
guide to using drugs, biologics, & other chemicals in aquaculture - american fisheries society
approved aquaculture drugs - US FDA
what is the purpose of using agricultural lime to improve water quality for fish? what are the most common types used?
increases total alkalinity, decreases acidity, & increases total hardness
agricultural lime (calcium carbonate), dolomite (calcium/magnesium carbonate), crushed coral/aragonite (calcium carbonate)
what is the purpose of using quick or slake/hydrated lime to improve water quality for fish? what are the most common types used?
rapidly increases pH of soil/water used to disinfect and/or kill unwanted organisms but not typically used when fish are present due to very rapid & high pH increase
quick lime (CaO), slake/hydrated lime (CaOH2)
how is aeration used to improve water quality for fish? how is it done?
done to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen & remove excess CO2 and/or excess N2 when photosynthesis, water movement, & degassing alone are inadequate
done via airstones, agitators, sprayers, pumps, & paddlewheels
what is the most common drug used for fish anesthesia in both food & non-food fish? how is it used?
MS-222
must buffer with baking soda 1:1 or 1:2 or sodium carbonate titrated to its desired pH to maintain pH
what are the only food fish that can be anesthetized with MS-222?
ictaluridae, salmonidae, esocidae, & percidae
what is used to anesthetize fish that isn’t FDA approved and illegal to use in food fish?
clove oil - mix of eugenol, isoeugenol, methyleugenol, & others
sold over the counter
how is aqui-S20E used for anesthetizing fish?
active ingredient eugenol available under INAD exception & allowed in US for freshwater & marine fisheries with zero withdrawal
when used under the INAD in aquaculture/hatchery settings, 72 hour withdrawal period required
narrower margins of safety, left analgesia, & prolonged recovery
why is isoeugenol not approved for use in the USA?
concerns for carcinogenicity
what fish can aquacalm be used in for sedation?
hypnotic sedative indexed for use in ornamental fish only
if drugs are not approved/indexed for use in fish, what are the 4 other categories it may fall into?
- conditionally approved drugs - proven safe & manufactured according to CVM criteria that can be marketed as conditionally approved while additional data is collected to show effectiveness
- investigational new animal drugs - drugs that are currently unapproved for any indication or for a specific unapproved use but may be allowed under strict protocols/oversight to allow for additional data collection
- low regulatory priority drugs - allowed for use as defined by the FDA
- regulatory action deferred drugs - not strictly FDA approved but allowed as long as the EPA use label is followed
what drugs are included as low regulatory priority?
acetic acid, calcium chloride, carbon dioxide gas, garlic, sodium, chloride, & others
what drugs are included as regulatory action deferred drugs?
copper sulfate & potassium permanganate
what does regulatory discretion mean?
term previously used by FDA for use of drugs for non-food fish including aquarium/pet fish that do not pose a risk to the human food chain or the environment - although technically illegal to use, FDA will typically not prosecute if used judiciously within a VCPR
