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ZUKU NAVLE PREP > Equine Top 5 - Foal Diarrhea > Flashcards

Equine Top 5 - Foal Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

how old are foals that are affected with clostridiosis?

A

less than 5 days old & definitely less than 10 days old

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2
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a foal with clostridiosis?

A

acute hemorrhagic diarrhea, colic, severe obtundation, hypovolemic/septic shock, & often rapidly fatal

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3
Q

what is the etiology of clostridiosis in foals?

A

c. perfringens type c (less commonly type a)

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4
Q

what clostridal agent can be found in the intestines/feces of healthy foals & adult horses?

A

c. difficile

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5
Q

how is clostridiosis diagnosed in a foal?

A

fecal toxin analysis - PCR for c. perfringens & ELISA for c. perfringens/c. difficile

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6
Q

what is seen on abdominal ultrasound of a foal with clostridiosis?

A

necrotizing enterocolitis, thickened bowel with gas in the wall

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7
Q

what is seen on necropsy of a foal with clostridiosis?

A

intraluminal hemorrhage & mucosal necrosis of small intestines +/- colon

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8
Q

how is clostridosis in foals prevented?

A

improve farm hygiene

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9
Q

T/F: clostridiosis in foals can occur sporadically or in outbreaks

A

TRUE

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10
Q

what is the prognosis for a foal with clostridiosis?

A

guarded

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11
Q

what treatment is used for clostridiosis?

A

metronidazole PO or per rectum & supportive care

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12
Q

what treatment is used for all foals with diarrhea?

A

supportive care - broad spectrum antibiotics to decrease the risk of bacterial translocation/sepsis, IV fluids with electrolytes, correct failure of passive transfer if present, NSAIDS, anti-endotoxemics (polymixin b & hyperimmune plasma), intestinal absorbents, enteral/parenteral feeding, & +/- lactase administration PO

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13
Q

how old are foals that are usually affected with salmonellosis?

A

usually under 1 month old

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14
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a foal with salmonellosis?

A

diarrhea, lethargy, poor nursing, sepsis, progressive to hypovolemic shock with cool limbs, thready pulse, & recumbency

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15
Q

what is the etiology of salmonellosis in foals?

A

most often salmonella enterica

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16
Q

how is salmonellosis diagnosed in foals?

A

fecal PCR or culture

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17
Q

why is it important to consider that healthy horses can have salmonella present in their feces?

A

stress can increase fecal shedding & it is ZOONOTIC!!

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18
Q

how is salmonellosis in foals treated?

A

supportive care

19
Q

what is seen on a CBC of a foal with salmonellosis?

A

severe neutropenia

20
Q

how old are foals that are often affected by rotavirus/coronavirus?

A

foals under 2 months of age

21
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a foal with rotavirus/coronavirus?

A

depression, anorexia, profuse watery malodorous diarrhea that is more severe in younger foals - self-limiting, lasts 4-7 days

22
Q

how is rotavirus/coronavirus diagnosed in foals?

A

fecal immunoassay kit & fecal electron microscopy

23
Q

how long does rotavirus last in foals?

A

4-7 days

24
Q

which is more common in foals: rotavirus or coronavirus?

A

rotavirus is more common

25
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rotavirus in foals?

A

destroys enterocytes at tips of the small intestinal villi leading to malabsorption often causing a secondary lactase deficiency

26
Q

how is rotavirus prevented in foals?

A

use the rotavirus vaccine in pregnant mares

27
Q

what pathogen causes proliferative enteropathy in foals?

A

lawsonia intracellularis

28
Q

how old are foals that are usually affected by proliferative enteropathy?

A

4-6 month old foals

29
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a foal with proliferative enteropathy?

A

poor doer/failure to thrive, weight loss, diarrhea, pot belly, colic, & ventral abdominal subcutaneous edema

30
Q

how is proliferative enteropathy in a foal diagnosed?

A

usually both a fecal PCR & serology IFAT (can be hard to differentiate exposure from disease with 1 time sample)

31
Q

what is seen on abdominal ultrasound of a foal with proliferative enteropathy?

A

thickened small intestines

32
Q

what is seen on necropsy of a foal that had proliferative enteropathy?

A

silver stain shows characteristic intracellular bacteria in small intestinal tissue

33
Q

how long does it take for a foal to recover from proliferative enteropathy?

A

4-8 weeks for full recovery

34
Q

proliferative enteropathy causes what type of disease in foals?

A

protein losing enteropathy

35
Q

what is the etiology of proliferative enteropathy?

A

intracellular bacteria lawsonia intracellularis - won’t grow in culture without permissive cell lines & lipophilic or amphoteric antimicrobials are required

36
Q

what is seen on bloodwork from a foal with proliferative enteropathy?

A

marked hypoproteinemia

37
Q

what is the prognosis for a foal with proliferative enteropathy?

A

excellent prognosis with recovery

38
Q

how is proliferative enteropathy in a foal treated?

A

antimicrobials using tetracyclines, erythomycin, or chloramphenicol & plasma transfusion if severely hypoproteinemic

39
Q

how old are foals that are affected by foal heat?

A

4 to 10 day old foals

40
Q

what is the classic case presentation of a foal with foal heat?

A

foal with mild diarrhea that is NOT MALODOROUS with no other clinical signs

41
Q

how is foal heat diagnosed?

A

usually none - rule out other causes if necessary

42
Q

how is foal heat treated?

A

usually no treatment - apply protectant (zinc oxide or vasoline) around perineum & on the hind limbs

43
Q

is foal heat related to the mare’s heat cycle?

A

nope - seen in orphan foals

44
Q

what is the suspected pathogenesis of foal heat?

A

most likely due to changes in foal’s gi flora as they start eating grain/hay in addition to milk and as they are copraphagic to inoculate their gi tract

ZUKU NAVLE PREP (178 decks)

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