Canine Top Shelter Diseases Flashcards
what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with fleas?
pruritus, crusts, scabbing, hair loss over the hips/base of tail, +/- anemia
what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with sarcoptic mange?
intense pruritus, small bumps/excoriations/crusts/seborrhea on abdomen/chest/ears/elbows/legs
what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with cheyletiellosis?
intense pruritus but sometimes no itching, scaling on the back, & dandruff that moves around on the animal’s fur
what is the classic case presentation of a shelter dog with ticks?
ticks attached to the skin with redness around the bite, tick borne diseases (fever, anorexia, lethargy, joint swelling/pain, petechiae, etc), & LMN paralysis
what is the flea most commonly affected shelter dogs?
ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
what is the etiology of sarcoptic mange?
sarcoptes scabei canis
how is sarcoptic mange diagnosed?
skin scraping, pedal pinnal response
what ticks commonly affect shelter dogs?
ixodidae family - amblyomma spp., dermacentor spp., ixodes, & soft ticks - otobius
what are your treatment options for mites on shelter dogs?
lime sulfur dips, selamectin, bravecto single dose (not labeled for scabies), & ivermectin
what are your treatment options for shelter dogs with ticks?
removal of ticks, fipronil, & fluralaner
why may fleas not be seen on a dog with flea allergy dermatitis?
excessive self grooming
what mites pose a zoonotic risk to humans that affect shelter dogs?
cheyletiellosis & scabies
what two ticks are the most common causes of tick paralysis in shelter dogs?
d. andersoni & d. variabilis
what tick tranmits lyme disease?
ixodes scapularis & ixodes pacificus
what breeds are at an increased risk for parvo?
rottweilers, dobermans, pitbulls, german shepherds
what is the common signalment of dog affected with parvo?
usually 6 week to 6 month old unvaccinated dogs
what is the etiology of parvo?
canine parvovirus particularly CPV-2b
what is seen on bloodwork of a dog with parvo?
neutropenia & lymphopenia
how is parvo diagnosed?
ELISA antigen test
how is parvo treated?
supportive care & isolation
how is parvo prevented?
strict isolation of sick animals, clean all surfaces of organic debris & then disinfect with bleach
what is the vaccine schedule for parvo in dogs?
vaccination at 6-8 weeks, 10-12 weeks, & 14-16 weeks, after 1 year, & then every 3 years
what is the route of infection of parvo?
fecal oral & fomites
T/F: dogs that recover from parvo will have life long or long term immunity
TRUE
what is another name for infectious tracheobronchitis?
kennel cough
what clinical signs are seen with kennel cough?
persistent dry, unproductive cough followed by retching/gagging - cough inducible by tracheal/laryngeal palpation, may have other systemic signs
what clinical signs are seen with canine influenza?
persistent cough of 1-3 weeks, oculonasal discharge, sneezing, fever, lethargy, +/- pneumonia
what are the etiologies of kennel cough?
canine parainfluenzavirus, canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, & bordetella bronchiseptica
what is the etiology of canine influenza?
canine influenza virus strains H3N8 & H3N2
how is kennel cough diagnosed?
usually just by clinical signs
how is canine influenza diagnosed?
PCR of nasal or pharyngeal swabs - must be submitted within 2 days of illness to avoid false negatives & serology showing rising titers
how is kennel cough/canine influenza prevented?
vaccination & proper disinfection/hygiene in shelters
how is kennel cough treated?
supportive care, cough suppressants for non-productive coughs, & antibiotics for severe cases
how is canine influenza treated?
antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections
T/F: both kennel cough & canine influenza are extremely contagious, so infected animals should not be hospitalized if possible
TRUE
what are the risks if an intranasal bordetella vaccine is given parenterally?
may cause cellulitis, hepatotoxicity, or hypersensitivity
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with distemper?
fever 3-6 days post infection & several days later, serous to mucopurulent oculonasal discharge, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, & diarrhea
what types of neurologic signs affect young dogs with distemper? what about older dogs with distemper?
younger - forebrain signs, older - cerebellar, brainstem, & spinal cord signs
what forebrain signs are seen with distemper?
behavior changes, seizures, pacing, head pressing, & visual deficits
what cerebellar signs are seen in dogs with distemper?
ataxia, hypermetria, & intention tremors
what brainstem signs are seen in dogs with distemper?
nystagmus, head tilt, facial paralysis, tongue paralysis, & swallowing difficulty
what spinal cord signs are seen in dogs with distemper?
hyper-reflexive paresis or paralysis
if a dog survives distemper, what lasting side effects may be seen?
paw pad/nasal planum hyperkeratosis, enamel hypoplasia, myoclonus, & chewing gum fits
what is the etiology of distemper?
canine distemper visurs
what clinical signs are associated with systemic disease from distemper?
leukopenia & KCS on ophthalmic exam
what clinical signs are associated with CNS disease from distemper?
hyper-reflexive retinal lesions
how is distemper treated?
supportive care, anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone
how is distemper prevented?
vaccination with MLV every 3-4 weeks from 6-16 weeks of age & then again in 1 year - followed by every 3 years
what is the prognosis of distemper?
usually poor if progressive neurologic signs & guarded to poor for systemic disease
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with roundworms?
usually asymptomatic, but may see vomiting, diarrhea, poor growth, distended abdomen, dull coat, & coughing due to migrating larvae causing eosinophilic pneumonia
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with hookworms?
anemia, emaciation, weakness, anorexia, poor growth, interdigital dermatitis from cutaneous larval invasion, +/- diarrhea/melena
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with whipworms?
mild infections are asymptomatic, weight loss, diarrhea, +/- hematochezia, +/- anemia
what is the classic case presentation of a dog with tapeworms?
usually aymptomatic, observation of proglottids on perineum or in feces, weight loss, +/- diarrhea
what is the etiology of roundworms?
toxocara canis
how are roundworms diagnosed?
fecal float & microscopic evaluation
what is the etiology of hookworms? how are they diagnosed?
ancylostoma caninum - fecal float & microscopic exam
what is the etiology of whipworms? how are they diagnosed?
trichuris vulpis - fecal float & microscopic evaluation
what is the etiology of tapeworms? how are they diagnosed?
dipylidium caninum - observation of proglottids & fecal float
how are roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, & tapeworms treated? how are they prevented?
rounds - pyrantel every 2-3 weeks until 3 months old, hooks - pyrantel every 3-4 weeks until 3 months, whips - fenbendazole 3x at monthly intervals, & tapes - praziquantel
how are roundworms transmitted?
transplacental, transmammary, ingestion of eggs, or ingestion of transport host - 100% of puppies are born with roundworm infections
what is the life cycle of t. canis?
puppy under 3 months of age ingests infective eggs, larvae exit intestine & migrate to the lungs via liver/bloodstream, larvae are coughed up & swallowed, larvae mature into egg-producing adults in the small intestines, & in older dogs - larvae hatched from infective eggs migrate to various tissues but don’t continue the life cycle
how are hookworms transmitted?
ingestion of larvae in fecal contaminated material, transmammary, & direct cutaneous penetration
how are whipworms transmitted?
ingestion of infective eggs 2-4 weeks after shed in dog feces
how are tapeworms transmitted?
ingestion of affected prey or ingestion of fleas
what intestinal parasites pose a zoonotic risk?
roundworms, hookworms, & intermediate stage of taenia spp.
what is a class I case presentation of heartworm disease?
no to minimal signs
what is a class II case presentation of heartworm disease?
cough
what is a class III case presentation of heartworm disease?
cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, lethargy, exercise intolerance, ascites secondary to R CHF, & radiographic lesions
what is a class IV case presentation of heartworm disease?
caval syndrome, shock/weak/pale, slow CRT, dark urine, tachypnea/dyspnea, distended jugular veins, +/- ascites
what is the etiology of heartworm disease?
dirofilaria immitis
how is heartworm disease diagnosed?
antigen testing & microfilaria slides
what is seen on thoracic rads of a dog with heartworm disease?
main pulmonary artery enlargement, truncated/tortuous caudal lobar pulmonary arteries, pulmonary infiltrate, hilar lymphadenopathy, & right ventricular enlargment
what is echocardiography used for when working up a dog for heartworm disease?
used to confirm caval syndrome & shows a conglomeration of heartworms in the right atrium/right ventricle & obstructing the tricuspid valve
what is the pretreatment of HWD done at the time of diagnosis?
30 days of doxycycline to eliminate wolbachia, & monthly macrolide heartworm preventative
what is the protocol of adulticidal therapy for HWD?
melarsomine 3 dose with strict exercise restriction +/- corticosteroids, supportive care as needed for R CHF/pulmonary thromboembolism
how is caval syndrome treated?
removal of heartworms by passing long alligator forceps via the jugular vein into the right atrium
how is HWD prevented?
monthly macrolide prophylactic treatments year round starting at 6-8 weeks of age
what is the life cycle of mosquitos in HWD?
mosquitos ingest microfilariae from infected host, microfilariae goes through first 3 larval stages (L1-L3) in the mosquito in 1-4 weeks, the L3 infected larvae is deposited onto the host’s skin when the mosquito feeds, L4 develops in the host in about a week & then migrates into body for approximately 2 months, L4 molts into an adult & migrates to the heart & pulmonary arteries 2-4 months post infection, & gravid females produce microfilariae 7-9 months post infection
what is the prognosis of HWD?
guarded to poor - dogs with caval syndrome have a mortality of 30-40%
