Cross Species - Top 30 Zoonotic Diseases Part 1 Flashcards
what animals are affected by anthrax?
cattle, sheep, goats, bison, camels, & antelopes
what is the classic case presentation of anthrax in animals?
sudden death, bloating, & bleeding from orifices after death
how does anthrax present in humans?
skin lesions with dark eschars, malaise, gi signs, fever, acute respiratory distress, & septicemia
what is the etiology of anthrax?
bacillus anthracis - gram positive aerobic rod-shaped bacteria
sporulates when exposed to oxygen - endemic in north america
what are the routes of human infection of anthrax? what precautions are taken?
cutaneous, ingestion (infected meat), & inhalation
PPE & respiratory protection
anthrax is a notifiable disease for what organization?
world organization for animal health
when are anthrax outbreaks seen?
can occur with heavy rainfall, flooding, or drought
why not do a full necropsy on an animal suspected to have anthrax?
bacteria will sporulate & contaminate the environment & the spores can persist for decades in the environment
how was anthrax used as a bioterrorism agent?
in 2001, powdered spores were mailed through USPS leading to 22 infections in people & caused 5 deaths
what are the definitive hosts for baylisascaris? what clinical signs are seen?
raccoons - sometimes dogs & kinkajous
no clinical signs
what are the intermediate hosts of baylisascaris? what clinical signs are seen with infection?
commonly rodents - opossums, foxes, badgers, sea otters, birds, non-human primates, humans
NOT LIVESTOCK
CNS signs & ocular disease
what is the etiology of baylisascaris? how does infection occur? how are humans infected?
baylisascaris procyonis - intestinal nematode
definitive host infected by ingesting eggs or eating infected intermediate host
humans - fecal oral transmission
what is the main precaution taken with preventing baylisascaris?
avoid direct contact with dog & raccoon feces
how can you minimize baylisascaris infection in dogs?
keep them on a monthly heartworm/nematode preventatives to minimize risk of intestinal infection
T/F: dogs can be an intermediate host for baylisascaris & develop clinical signs
true
what is the classic case of tuberculosis in cows?
decreased appetite, progressive emaciation, cough, fever, weakness
what signs are seen in humans affected by bovine tuberculosis?
affects - lymph nodes, bones, joints, CNS, lungs, & genitourinary system
what is the etiology of bovine tuberculosis? what are the primary hosts? spill over hosts?
mycobacterium bovis - gram positive acid fast bacterium in mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
primary host - cattle
spill over hosts - sheep, goats, horses, llamas, dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, & rodents
what are the routes of human infection from bovine tuberculosis?
ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products/undercooked/raw meat, inhalation of aerosolized agent, bacterial contact on broken skin
wildlife & soil are sources for potential infection
what precautions are taken for preventing bovine tuberculosis?
respiratory protection
what country is bovine tuberculosis free? what countries currently have eradication programs in place?
canada
mexico & USA
what animal is rarely infected with bovine tuberculosis but have been suspected to be at risk for transmitting it to human & vice versa?
cats
what control efforts are made for bovine tuberculosis prevention in the USA?
routine pasteurization & control efforts have decreased m. bovis cases to less than 2% of total human tuberculosis cases (rest are caused by m. tuberculosis)
T/F: bovine tuberculosis is an OIE notifiable disease
true
what animals are often affected by brucellosis?
cattle, sheep, goats, & dogs
what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in cattle, sheep, & goats?
abortions - usually in 2nd half of gestation
epididymitis & orchitis in bulls
what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in humans?
undulant fever - drenching sweats, headache, flu like symptoms, & can be a chronic debilitating disease
what is the classic case presentation of brucellosis in dogs?
abortions/still births, orchitis, & diskospondylitis
what are the different etiologies that cause brucellosis in animals & people?
gram negative coccobacillary facultative intracellular bacterium
brucella abortus - cattle, bison, elk, & feral pigs
brucella melitensis - goats & sheep
brucella canis - dogs
what brucella species are of zoonotic risk? what are the routes of infection?
b. abortus & b. melitensis
ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products
exposure to brucella vaccine, infected animals, or in a laboratory
how is brucellosis prevented in humans?
PPE!!! handle vaccines with care
T/F: brucella canis’s importance as a cause of disease in humans is not well-established
true
what species of brucella are OIE notifiable diseases?
b. abortus & b. melitensis
what happens for dogs that have brucellosis?
reportable in many states
owners of these dogs should be advised that the disease could potentially spread to humans & dogs can’t be cleared of infection
where is brucellosis of goats & sheep found? where is it exotic to? where is it endemic?
found in mediterranean, middle east, & central america
exotic - canada & USA
endemic - mexico
where is bovine brucellosis eradicated? what about nearly eradicated? why is it of such concern?
eradicated - canada
almost eradicated - USA
may be used as a bioterrorism agent!!
what diseases can brucellosis cause in horses?
fistulous withers & poll evil
what is the common name of bartonellosis?
cat scratch fever
what clinical signs are seen in cats with bartonellosis?
usually asymptomatic
may see - fever, inappetence
what clinical signs are seen in humans with cat scratch fever?
small reddish-brown papules/pustules at inoculation site
lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, neurologic signs, & psychiatric signs
what is the etiology of cat scratch fever? what are the reservoir hosts? how is it transmitted?
bartonella henselae - gram negative rod bacterium
reservoir host - domestic cats & other felines
transmitted via flea feces between cats
how do humans get cat scratch fever?
cat bites or scratches
what is the zoonotic risk of cat scratch fever?
most cases of human bartonellosis are mild/asymptomatic & self-limiting
immunocompromised people are more susceptible
