Cycle 4 - Flashcard Set 2

Question 1

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

Answer 1

A diagnosis that refers to a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image or identity, effects, and marked impulsivity.

Question 2

Why is BPD challenging to diagnose?

Answer 2

Due to the limited time for clinicians to conduct a comprehensive assessment of personality disorders, and the co-occurrence of other psychiatric diagnoses that may take the initial focus of attention.

Question 3

How many criteria do BPD individuals need to meet?

Answer 3

Five of nine criteria in addition to the general criteria for a personality disorder.

Question 4

What are the three core symptom domains of BPD?

Answer 4

Emotion dysregulation, disturbed relatedness, and behavioral dysregulation.

Question 5

What is emotion dysregulation in BPD individuals?

Answer 5

Wild shifts in emotion, including difficulties with anger, constant feelings of anger, and outbursts, and it is one of the core symptom disruptions in people with BPD.

Question 6

What are some emotion regulation strategies that BPD individuals tend to engage in?

Answer 6

Suppression, rumination, and avoidance, which are associated with potentially harmful behaviors such as self-harm and substance use.

Question 7

What are the familial, genetic, and biological risks to BPD?

Answer 7

Prevalence of certain psychiatric diagnoses, such as major depression, social anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, and trauma and stress-related disorders in people with BPD and their relatives.

Question 8

What is the role of stress in the neurobiology of BPD?

Answer 8

Crucial, as people with BPD have a childhood history of trauma or maltreatment, and stress can make an impression on genes and affect biology.

Question 9

What is the theory of emotion dysregulation in BPD?

Answer 9

The theory is that the neural systems that represent the intensity of emotions might be dysregulated, leading to hypersensitivity to emotional experience and difficulty regulating emotions.

Question 10

Which brain region is associated with the subjective experience of emotion in people with BPD?

Answer 10

The insular cortex.

Question 11

Do people with BPD have difficulty interpreting neutral facial expressions?

Answer 11

Yes, research suggests that they may perceive them as more ambiguous and potentially threatening.

Question 12

Which brain regions show less connectivity in adolescents with BPD traits?

Answer 12

The amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 13

Do people with BPD make more errors in recognizing highly arousing negative emotional expressions?

Answer 13

Yes, they make more errors in recognizing expressions such as anger and disgust.

Question 14

Do people with BPD see sad faces as fearful faces?

Answer 14

Yes, people with BPD and their relatives are more likely to perceive sad faces as fearful faces.

Question 15

What is the cyber ball task used for in studying people with BPD?

Answer 15

To study social exclusion and rejection sensitivity.

Question 16

Does stigma reinforce the social perceptions of people with BPD?

Answer 16

Yes, stigma may reinforce the social perceptions of people with BPD as not being included in society and social interactions.

Question 17

What is the theory of emotion dysregulation in BPD?

Answer 17

The theory is that the neural systems that represent the intensity of emotions might be dysregulated, leading to hypersensitivity to emotional experience and difficulty regulating emotions.

Question 18

What is the difficulty that people with BPD may face when interpreting neutral facial expressions?

Answer 18

They may perceive them as more ambiguous and potentially threatening.

Question 19

What do brain imaging studies show about adolescents with BPD traits?

Answer 19

They show less connectivity between the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex, brain regions involved in emotion perception and regulation.

Question 20

What kind of emotional expressions do people with BPD have difficulty recognizing?

Answer 20

Highly arousing negative emotional expressions, such as anger and disgust.

Question 21

What are people with BPD more likely to perceive sad faces as?

Answer 21

Fearful faces.

Question 22

What is the role of the frontal cortex in people with BPD?

Answer 22

Higher levels of activation in the frontal cortex, specifically parts involved in mentalizing, are found in people with BPD.

Question 23

What is the potential significance of increased activity in the anterior singulate cortex in people with BPD?

Answer 23

Increased activity during social exclusion in the anterior singulate cortex in people with BPD may represent greater feelings of social pain.

Question 24

What are some common deficits in attention and executive functions in people with BPD?

Answer 24

BPD is linked to ADHD and learning disorders, with deficits in attention and executive functions.

Question 25

What is the potential significance of higher levels of inattention in people with BPD and their relatives compared to controls?

Answer 25

Higher levels of inattention in people with BPD and their relatives compared to controls may indicate links with attention and self-regulation.

Question 26

What are some common deficits in visual memory and planning ability in people with BPD?

Answer 26

Deficits in visual memory and planning ability are common in people with BPD, leading to potentially harmful behaviors.

Question 27

What is the association between childhood physical abuse and deficits in verbal comprehension in adults with BPD?

Answer 27

Childhood physical abuse is associated with more severe deficits in verbal comprehension in adults with BPD.

Question 28

How does brain activation in the prefrontal cortex differ between people with BPD and controls/relatives when asked to inhibit behavior on a simple task?

Answer 28

People with BPD show less activation in the prefrontal cortex when asked to inhibit their behavior on a simple task compared to controls and relatives.

Question 29

What is the potential significance of hyperactivation in the prefrontal cortex in relatives of people with BPD?

Answer 29

Relatives of people with BPD show hyperactivation in the prefrontal cortex, potentially a compensatory mechanism for impulse control.

Question 30

What brain region is particularly affected by stress?

Answer 30

The hippocampus.

Question 31

hat deficits in learning and memory can result from stress-induced shrinkage of the hippocampus?

Answer 31

Deficits in learning and memory.

Question 32

What is the pattern of hippocampal activation during memory tasks in people with BPD compared to controls?

Answer 32

Lower activation in people with BPD.

Question 33

What is the relationship between cumulative stress and hippocampal size in both BPD and control groups?

Answer 33

Cumulative stress is associated with a smaller size of the hippocampus in both groups.

Question 34

What is the impact of cumulative stress on brain activation during memory tasks in people with BPD?

Answer 34

Cumulative stress is associated with lower activation during memory tasks in people with BPD.

Question 35

What is magnetic seizure therapy (MST)?

Answer 35

A treatment that induces seizures by applying magnetic stimulation to the brain.

Question 36

Was MST found to be effective in reducing suicidal ideation and depression severity in people with BPD?

Answer 36

Yes.