Operant conditioning

Question 1

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 1

A method, learning by association. A learner links a stimulus to a set response.

Question 2

what is positive reinforcement?

Answer 2

The giving of maybe incentive rewards through praise of the correct response to a skill to strengthen the s-r bond.

Question 3

wha is negative reifnrocemen?

Answer 3

The removal of an adverse stimuli to stop giving criticism when correct response has been attained.
to strengthen and form a new s-r bond
combine positive and negative

Question 4

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 4

A coach will give approval after a successful response to a stimulus in the form of praise or another satisfier

Question 5

What are the effects of positive reinforcement?

Answer 5

A satisfier will strengthen the s-r bond and ensure repetition of desired behaviour

Question 6

How and why does repetition of positive reinforcement occur?

Answer 6

The confidence of the performer has increased and meaning their motivation will be greater in the desired action

Question 7

How does a coach present positive reinforcement?

Answer 7

Use tangible and intangible rewards; (touch and non)
Trophy, certificate, badges
A coach can show the results of the benefits of the desired outcomes
A coach should insure training sessions and practices are fun and enjoyable
Using role models to educate the performer of the effects

Question 8

What are the disadvantages of positive reinforcement?

Answer 8

too much praise can lose the motivational effects, too much praise can get the performer used to winning and won’t experience failure

Question 9

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 9

A coach will show disapproval of incorrect responses to a stimulus in the form of an annoyer
When the performer eventually shows correct behaviour the coach withdraw the annoyer

Question 10

What is the ‘punishment’?

Answer 10

the introduction of the adverse stiumulus
trying to break/strengteh the sr reponse
wrong response through punishment

Question 11

What are the effects of punishment?

Answer 11

Elimination of desired behaviour
Prevention of learning incorrect movements
Humiliation or embarrassment of an individual

Question 12

How does a coach use negative reinforcement?

Answer 12

A coach can use criticism
Coach could withdraw praise/ reward
Pain can sometimes act as an annoyer

Question 13

What are the problems of punishment?

Answer 13

Lead to frustration and prevent people taking part, if they feel he punishment is unjust
Shouldn’t be used with cognitive performers (Makes many mistakes)

Question 14

What are the problems with negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

Not good for cognitive performers as it can demotivate and reduce confidence
If reasons aren’t given by the coach for the removal of reward could lead to frustration

Question 15

What is thorndikes law?

Answer 15

Believes the best way to learn was to correct the s-r bond (stimulus- response bond). using 3 rules
; law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness

Question 16

What is the law of effect?

Answer 16

If behaviour is reinforce the learning bond is strengthened, done through positive reinforcement or the presentation of a satisifer example; tennis coach will praise correct technique

Question 17

What is the law of exercise?

Answer 17

The s-r bond will strengthen by practice and repeated performance example; if tennis player repeated action he will get praised by the coach

Question 18

What is the law of readiness?

Answer 18

If reinforcement is to strengthen the s-r bond the performer must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skill; if coach ensures the performer they can do the serve

Question 19

How could a coach optimise the effects of positive transfer?

Answer 19

Making practice conditions as true to life as possible
Making practice conditions realistic to develop good kinaesthesia; when rugby tackler tackles a player rather than the bag
Repetition of skill being learnt, will help optimise posiitve transfer later
teaching similar skills together to point out their similarities; a tennis serve na da volleyball serve
Coach provides positive feedback when skill is correct; anetballer paces correctly as a basketball pass and coach says well done

Question 20

How can a cognitive learner move into associate?

Answer 20

Positive reinforcement/ feedback and respnse
Use of visual guidance help build mental pciture
develop intrinsic feedback- allowing losts of practice time trial and error in open environments, varied
Use mechanical guidance to develop kinasthesis

Question 21

How will a performer know when they have moved on from the associate to autonomous?

Answer 21

Very confident in skill, little conscious thought is needed, habitual eg. hockey player receives the ball and hits the stick up quick
Can block out noises from the crowds
Performer has spare attentional capacity
volleyball player can change their serve ue to opponents
Have quick reactions as motor programme has fully formed; wicket keeper receiving the ball in a quicmreaction and using the correct technique
few mistakes eg; rugby player making a selection of good tackles and good selection

Question 22

What are the advantages of intrinsic feedback?

Answer 22

Performer can rely on own mistakes, not have to rely on coaches for external feedback
Concurrent (movements can be altered during the performance
Good autonomous- performer is more advanced in feedback, likely to be correct to improve mistakes

Question 23

What are the disadadvantages of intrinsic?

Answer 23

Not good for cognitive learners as no kinastehsis feel, used incorrectly and negatively impact performer
Performers all have different sensory effeteness so may rely better on external

Question 24

What are extrinsic advantages?

Answer 24

Coach can see what is happening, may be a more reliable source (more objective)
external source better to improve
Motivation- if given points quicker the. performer will feel more motivated to improve
good for cognitive as they don’t know how to fix problems on their own and will improve better on external, won’t have knowledge

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of extrinsic?

Answer 25

feedback might not be reliant enough
feedback can reduce motivatiom
performer may become too reliant on feedback- won’t develop into cognitive- associative and cant sort it in compeottin
too much overload information

Question 26

what laws do we apply to the law of operant conditioning?

Answer 26

thorndikes law
the law of readiness- physically capable and emotionally
the law of effect- increase reifnrocement
the law of exercise0 repletion