Operant conditioning Flashcards
What is operant conditioning?
A method, learning by association. A learner links a stimulus to a set response.
what is positive reinforcement?
The giving of maybe incentive rewards through praise of the correct response to a skill to strengthen the s-r bond.
wha is negative reifnrocemen?
The removal of an adverse stimuli to stop giving criticism when correct response has been attained.
to strengthen and form a new s-r bond
combine positive and negative
What is positive reinforcement?
A coach will give approval after a successful response to a stimulus in the form of praise or another satisfier
What are the effects of positive reinforcement?
A satisfier will strengthen the s-r bond and ensure repetition of desired behaviour
How and why does repetition of positive reinforcement occur?
The confidence of the performer has increased and meaning their motivation will be greater in the desired action
How does a coach present positive reinforcement?
Use tangible and intangible rewards; (touch and non)
Trophy, certificate, badges
A coach can show the results of the benefits of the desired outcomes
A coach should insure training sessions and practices are fun and enjoyable
Using role models to educate the performer of the effects
What are the disadvantages of positive reinforcement?
too much praise can lose the motivational effects, too much praise can get the performer used to winning and won’t experience failure
What is negative reinforcement?
A coach will show disapproval of incorrect responses to a stimulus in the form of an annoyer
When the performer eventually shows correct behaviour the coach withdraw the annoyer
What is the ‘punishment’?
the introduction of the adverse stiumulus
trying to break/strengteh the sr reponse
wrong response through punishment
What are the effects of punishment?
Elimination of desired behaviour
Prevention of learning incorrect movements
Humiliation or embarrassment of an individual
How does a coach use negative reinforcement?
A coach can use criticism
Coach could withdraw praise/ reward
Pain can sometimes act as an annoyer
What are the problems of punishment?
Lead to frustration and prevent people taking part, if they feel he punishment is unjust
Shouldn’t be used with cognitive performers (Makes many mistakes)
What are the problems with negative reinforcement?
Not good for cognitive performers as it can demotivate and reduce confidence
If reasons aren’t given by the coach for the removal of reward could lead to frustration
What is thorndikes law?
Believes the best way to learn was to correct the s-r bond (stimulus- response bond). using 3 rules
; law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness
What is the law of effect?
If behaviour is reinforce the learning bond is strengthened, done through positive reinforcement or the presentation of a satisifer example; tennis coach will praise correct technique
What is the law of exercise?
The s-r bond will strengthen by practice and repeated performance example; if tennis player repeated action he will get praised by the coach
What is the law of readiness?
If reinforcement is to strengthen the s-r bond the performer must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skill; if coach ensures the performer they can do the serve
How could a coach optimise the effects of positive transfer?
Making practice conditions as true to life as possible
Making practice conditions realistic to develop good kinaesthesia; when rugby tackler tackles a player rather than the bag
Repetition of skill being learnt, will help optimise posiitve transfer later
teaching similar skills together to point out their similarities; a tennis serve na da volleyball serve
Coach provides positive feedback when skill is correct; anetballer paces correctly as a basketball pass and coach says well done
How can a cognitive learner move into associate?
Positive reinforcement/ feedback and respnse
Use of visual guidance help build mental pciture
develop intrinsic feedback- allowing losts of practice time trial and error in open environments, varied
Use mechanical guidance to develop kinasthesis
How will a performer know when they have moved on from the associate to autonomous?
Very confident in skill, little conscious thought is needed, habitual eg. hockey player receives the ball and hits the stick up quick
Can block out noises from the crowds
Performer has spare attentional capacity
volleyball player can change their serve ue to opponents
Have quick reactions as motor programme has fully formed; wicket keeper receiving the ball in a quicmreaction and using the correct technique
few mistakes eg; rugby player making a selection of good tackles and good selection
What are the advantages of intrinsic feedback?
Performer can rely on own mistakes, not have to rely on coaches for external feedback
Concurrent (movements can be altered during the performance
Good autonomous- performer is more advanced in feedback, likely to be correct to improve mistakes
What are the disadadvantages of intrinsic?
Not good for cognitive learners as no kinastehsis feel, used incorrectly and negatively impact performer
Performers all have different sensory effeteness so may rely better on external
What are extrinsic advantages?
Coach can see what is happening, may be a more reliable source (more objective)
external source better to improve
Motivation- if given points quicker the. performer will feel more motivated to improve
good for cognitive as they don’t know how to fix problems on their own and will improve better on external, won’t have knowledge
What are the disadvantages of extrinsic?
feedback might not be reliant enough
feedback can reduce motivatiom
performer may become too reliant on feedback- won’t develop into cognitive- associative and cant sort it in compeottin
too much overload information
what laws do we apply to the law of operant conditioning?
thorndikes law
the law of readiness- physically capable and emotionally
the law of effect- increase reifnrocement
the law of exercise0 repletion
