Muscles

Question 1

What is an agonist?

Answer 1

Muscle shortening with force to initiate or cause the movement

Question 2

What are antagonists?

Answer 2

Muscle lengthening in opposition to the agonist

Question 3

What is a fixator?

Answer 3

Muscle statically stabilisers joint (origin of PM) to make movement more efficient

Question 4

What does isotonic mean?

Answer 4

Muscle changes in length with force

Question 5

What does concentric mean?

Answer 5

Muscle shortening while exerting a force

Question 6

What does eccentric mean?

Answer 6

Muscle lengthening while entering a force

Question 7

What does isometric mean?

Answer 7

No change in muscle length but it is exerting a force

Question 8

How do muscles work?

Answer 8

work in pairs

Question 9

What is a saggital plane?

Answer 9

Vertical body plane which passes from front to rear diving the body into two symmetrical halves (right and left sections)

Question 10

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 10

Plane which passes from side to side at right angles to the saggital plane and divides the body into a front and a back section (side to side, raise arms/legs out to side, star jump)

Question 11

What is a transverse plane?

Answer 11

Any horizontal plane of which divides the body into upper and lower sections (twisting, rotating head)

Question 12

How would you describe bicep curl movement?

Answer 12

Upward phase
Elbow flexion
Muscle shorten with a force to cause the movement (agonist).
Muscle shortens with force (concentric) (isotonic)
Saggital plane of movement
Downward phase
Elbow extension, muscle lengthens antagonist with a force acting as a break to control movement eccentric
Saggital plane
Help half way down at 90 degrees
Elbow still, muscle stays still with a force hold fixed position (fixator)
Muscle does not shorten/lenghten-isometic
saggital

Question 13

What is a slow oxidative type 1 fibre?

Answer 13

Red, presence of large volumes of myblobin (oxygen binding protein)and mitochondria . Resistant to fatigue and capable of producing repeated low-level contractions.
Type 1- mainly postural muscles (neck, spine) due to enurance caprtaiblites
Marathon runners, due to genetics and training

Question 14

What is a fast oxidative?

Answer 14

Contain large number of mitochondria and mylobin, red. Split ATP I(cells carry energy) at fast rate due to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. produce fast, strongg muscle contractions, although more prone to fatigue than type 1
High and low intensity, 100m

Question 15

What are fast glycolytic fibres?

Answer 15

White in colour, low level of mylobin, contain few mitochondria. Produce ATP at slow rate by anaerobic metabolism and break down veery quickly. results in short bursts of power and rapid fatigue. Found in muscles of arms, shot put

Question 16

What is the contractile speed?

Answer 16

Combination of speed of nerve impulse and speed at which the muscle fibres contract.

Question 17

What is the contractile force?

Answer 17

Amount of force produced when the muscle fibres contract

Question 18

What is fatigue resistance?

Answer 18

Ability to maintain muscle contractions and resist fatigue for» duration

Question 19

What is aerobic/oxidatige capacity?

Answer 19

Ability to use 02 to breakdown/oxidation of CHO/fats to produce energy (ATP) for muscles contractions

Question 20

What is anaerobic/glycolytic capacity?

Answer 20

Ability to breakdown CHO’s/fats without 02 to produce energy (ATP) for muscle contractions

Question 21

What is a ligament?

Answer 21

A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Connects bone to bone and stablishes joints during movement

Question 22

What is synovial fluid`?

Answer 22

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 23

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 23

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

absorbs shock and allows friction- free movement

Question 24

What is a joint capsules?

Answer 24

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 25

What is a bursa?

Answer 25

A closed, fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones | educes friction between tendons and bones

Question 26

What is an example of a saggital plain in flexion

Answer 26

bending arm at elbow

Question 27

What is an example of a saggital place in extension?

Answer 27

Straightening arm at elbow

Question 28

What is an example of a saggital plane in dorsiflexion?

Answer 28

Pointing toes up

Question 29

What is an example of a saggital place in plantar flexion

Answer 29

Pointing toes down

Question 30

What is an example of frontal plane in abuction?

Answer 30

Moving arm at shoulder away from midline

Question 31

What is an example of frontal plane adduction?

Answer 31

Moving arm at shoulder towards midline

Question 32

What is an example of transverse plane horizontal extension?

Answer 32

Moving arm at shoulder away from midline parallel to round

Question 33

What is an example of transverse plane horizontal flexion?

Answer 33

Moving arm at shoulder towards midline parallel to ground

Question 34

What is an example of transverse plane in rotation?

Answer 34

Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudal axis in a screwdriver action

Question 35

What is the ball and socket joint for saggital plane?

Answer 35

Shoulder and hip, flexion and extension

Question 36

What is the ball and socket joint for frontal plane?

Answer 36

Abduction and adduction

Question 37

What is the ball and socket joint for horizontal plane?

Answer 37

horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, medial and lateral rotation

Question 38

What is a hinge for saggital plane?

Answer 38

Elbow, knee and ankle- flexion, extension, Dorsi flexion and plantar flexion

Question 39

What is a condyloid for saggital plane?

Answer 39

Wrist, flexion and extension

Question 40

What is a condyloid for frontal plane?

Answer 40

Wrist, abuction and adduction

Question 41

What is the shoulder joint?

Answer 41

Ball and socket joint | humerus and scapula

Question 42

What are the muscles for shoulder saggital plane? flexion and extension

Answer 42

Agonist ucles flexion- anterior deltoid extension- posterior deltoid

Question 43

What are the muscles for frontal plane shoulder? Adduction and abuction?

Answer 43

Adduction- latissimus dorsi | abuction- middle deltoid

Question 44

What are the muscles for transverse plane shoulder? | Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension?

Answer 44

Horizontal flexion- pecotalis major | horizontal extension- poster deltoid and theres minor

Question 45

What are the muscles for transverse plane shoulder? | medial rotation and lateral rotation?

Answer 45

Medial- teres major and subscapularis | lateral major- teres minor and unfraspinatous

Question 46

What us the type of joint for the elbow?

Answer 46

Hinge joint, bones are humorous, radius and ulna

Question 47

What is the saggital plane for the elbow | Flexion and extension?

Answer 47

flexion0 Biceps brachi | extension- triceps brachii

Question 48

What are the joint for wrist?

Answer 48

Condyloid joint | bones- radius, ulna and carpals

Question 49

What are the planes for wrist? flexion and extension

Answer 49

Saggital flexion- wrist flexors extenesion- wrist extensors

Question 50

What are the joints for hip?

Answer 50

Ball and socket joint | boes- pelvic girdle and femur

Question 51

What is the movement for the hip saggital | flexion and extension?

Answer 51

Flexion- lliopsoas | extension- gluteus maximus

Question 52

What is the movement for the hip frontal plane? | adduction and abdution

Answer 52

adduction- adductor braves, adductor longs and adductor Magnus abucton- gluteus medium, and gluteus maximus

Question 53

What is the hip movement for transverse plane? | medial rotation and lateral rotation?

Answer 53

Medial- gluteus medium and gluteus minims | lateral- gluteus maximums

Question 54

what is the joint type for the knee?

Answer 54

Hinge joint, | femur and tibia

Question 55

What is th movement for the knee? | Flexion and extension

Answer 55

Saggital Flexion- Bicep femurs, semitendinosus and semimebranosus (hamstring) Extension- rectus femurs, vests laterals, vests intermedium and vests medals (quadriceps)

Question 56

What is the ankle joint?

Answer 56

Hinge joint | bones- tibia, fibula and talus

Question 57

What are the movement for ankle?

Answer 57

Saggital plane Dorsi flexion- tibias anteior plantar flexion- gastrocnemius and soles

Question 58

What is the skeletal muscle contraction?

Answer 58

Skeletal muscle can only contract by an electrical impulse sent from the nervous. site,

Question 59

What are motor neurones?

Answer 59

Composed of cell body, dendrites and axon

Question 60

What are the motor unit?

Answer 60

Motor neurone and muscle fibres which relies on | an action potential nerve to conduct the nerve impulse as a wave down the axe to the end plates.

Question 61

What is the neuro muscular control?

Answer 61

Skeletal muscles contact in response to a stimulus from the brain to the muscles via motor neurones Brain and spinal cord= central nervous system

Question 62

What are dendrites?

Answer 62

receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

Question 63

What are the stages of the electoral impulse (motor unit)

Answer 63

Nerve impulse is generated in the dendrites Impulse travels down nerve/axon Impulse travels down muscle fibres Muscle fibres contract

Question 64

what are motor end plates?

Answer 64

Where the impulse meets the muscle fibre

Question 65

How many muscle fibres might be in a muscle?

Answer 65

100000? not just 1 | 100 motor units which each cell

Question 66

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 66

Sent down by the cerebellum, sent down the neurone to the motor end plates (action potential travelled down to the motor end plates)

Question 67

What happens after the motor end plates into the synaptic cleft?

Answer 67

The gap makes the motor end plate create a neurotransmitter (a chemical to allow the action potential to pass from the end plate to the synaptic cleft)

Question 68

What is the aceltycholine?

Answer 68

A chemical which passes from the motor end plate to the synaptic cleft If impulse is big enough with the help of the neuro transmitter muscle fibres will contract

Question 69

What must happen for a muscle to contaact>

Answer 69

Must be a big enough action potential from the cereblellum | Must have released enough neurotransmitter to jump the gap from the motor end plates to the synaptic cleft

Question 70

What is the all or none principle?

Answer 70

If you send a big enough impulse down motor unit 1 (red neurone) and release enough transmitter, all red fibres will contract. If impulse is not big enough/ not related no impulse and nothing will contract

Question 71

How can we create a strong contraction?

Answer 71

Send down a lot of impulses/ large action potential and means all motor units, all motor fires will contract

Question 72

How can we create a weak contraction?

Answer 72

Impulses sent down fewer motor units maybe only 1/2 so fewer muscle fibres contract