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Pe a level > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Muscle shortening with force to initiate or cause the movement

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2
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Muscle lengthening in opposition to the agonist

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3
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Muscle statically stabilisers joint (origin of PM) to make movement more efficient

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4
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Muscle changes in length with force

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5
Q

What does concentric mean?

A

Muscle shortening while exerting a force

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6
Q

What does eccentric mean?

A

Muscle lengthening while entering a force

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7
Q

What does isometric mean?

A

No change in muscle length but it is exerting a force

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8
Q

How do muscles work?

A

work in pairs

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9
Q

What is a saggital plane?

A

Vertical body plane which passes from front to rear diving the body into two symmetrical halves (right and left sections)

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10
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

Plane which passes from side to side at right angles to the saggital plane and divides the body into a front and a back section (side to side, raise arms/legs out to side, star jump)

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11
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Any horizontal plane of which divides the body into upper and lower sections (twisting, rotating head)

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12
Q

How would you describe bicep curl movement?

A

Upward phase
Elbow flexion
Muscle shorten with a force to cause the movement (agonist).
Muscle shortens with force (concentric) (isotonic)
Saggital plane of movement
Downward phase
Elbow extension, muscle lengthens antagonist with a force acting as a break to control movement eccentric
Saggital plane
Help half way down at 90 degrees
Elbow still, muscle stays still with a force hold fixed position (fixator)
Muscle does not shorten/lenghten-isometic
saggital

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13
Q

What is a slow oxidative type 1 fibre?

A

Red, presence of large volumes of myblobin (oxygen binding protein)and mitochondria . Resistant to fatigue and capable of producing repeated low-level contractions.
Type 1- mainly postural muscles (neck, spine) due to enurance caprtaiblites
Marathon runners, due to genetics and training

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14
Q

What is a fast oxidative?

A

Contain large number of mitochondria and mylobin, red. Split ATP I(cells carry energy) at fast rate due to aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. produce fast, strongg muscle contractions, although more prone to fatigue than type 1
High and low intensity, 100m

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15
Q

What are fast glycolytic fibres?

A

White in colour, low level of mylobin, contain few mitochondria. Produce ATP at slow rate by anaerobic metabolism and break down veery quickly. results in short bursts of power and rapid fatigue. Found in muscles of arms, shot put

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16
Q

What is the contractile speed?

A

Combination of speed of nerve impulse and speed at which the muscle fibres contract.

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17
Q

What is the contractile force?

A

Amount of force produced when the muscle fibres contract

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18
Q

What is fatigue resistance?

A

Ability to maintain muscle contractions and resist fatigue for» duration

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19
Q

What is aerobic/oxidatige capacity?

A

Ability to use 02 to breakdown/oxidation of CHO/fats to produce energy (ATP) for muscles contractions

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20
Q

What is anaerobic/glycolytic capacity?

A

Ability to breakdown CHO’s/fats without 02 to produce energy (ATP) for muscle contractions

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21
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Connects bone to bone and stablishes joints during movement

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22
Q

What is synovial fluid`?

A

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

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23
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones

absorbs shock and allows friction- free movement

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24
Q

What is a joint capsules?

A

A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane

encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

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25
Q

What is a bursa?

A

A closed, fluid filled sac where tendons rub over bones

educes friction between tendons and bones

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26
Q

What is an example of a saggital plain in flexion

A

bending arm at elbow

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27
Q

What is an example of a saggital place in extension?

A

Straightening arm at elbow

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28
Q

What is an example of a saggital plane in dorsiflexion?

A

Pointing toes up

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29
Q

What is an example of a saggital place in plantar flexion

A

Pointing toes down

30
Q

What is an example of frontal plane in abuction?

A

Moving arm at shoulder away from midline

31
Q

What is an example of frontal plane adduction?

A

Moving arm at shoulder towards midline

32
Q

What is an example of transverse plane horizontal extension?

A

Moving arm at shoulder away from midline parallel to round

33
Q

What is an example of transverse plane horizontal flexion?

A

Moving arm at shoulder towards midline parallel to ground

34
Q

What is an example of transverse plane in rotation?

A

Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudal axis in a screwdriver action

35
Q

What is the ball and socket joint for saggital plane?

A

Shoulder and hip, flexion and extension

36
Q

What is the ball and socket joint for frontal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction

37
Q

What is the ball and socket joint for horizontal plane?

A

horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, medial and lateral rotation

38
Q

What is a hinge for saggital plane?

A

Elbow, knee and ankle- flexion, extension, Dorsi flexion and plantar flexion

39
Q

What is a condyloid for saggital plane?

A

Wrist, flexion and extension

40
Q

What is a condyloid for frontal plane?

A

Wrist, abuction and adduction

41
Q

What is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball and socket joint

humerus and scapula

42
Q

What are the muscles for shoulder saggital plane? flexion and extension

A

Agonist ucles
flexion- anterior deltoid
extension- posterior deltoid

43
Q

What are the muscles for frontal plane shoulder? Adduction and abuction?

A

Adduction- latissimus dorsi

abuction- middle deltoid

44
Q

What are the muscles for transverse plane shoulder?

Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension?

A

Horizontal flexion- pecotalis major

horizontal extension- poster deltoid and theres minor

45
Q

What are the muscles for transverse plane shoulder?

medial rotation and lateral rotation?

A

Medial- teres major and subscapularis

lateral major- teres minor and unfraspinatous

46
Q

What us the type of joint for the elbow?

A

Hinge joint, bones are humorous, radius and ulna

47
Q

What is the saggital plane for the elbow

Flexion and extension?

A

flexion0 Biceps brachi

extension- triceps brachii

48
Q

What are the joint for wrist?

A

Condyloid joint

bones- radius, ulna and carpals

49
Q

What are the planes for wrist? flexion and extension

A

Saggital
flexion- wrist flexors
extenesion- wrist extensors

50
Q

What are the joints for hip?

A

Ball and socket joint

boes- pelvic girdle and femur

51
Q

What is the movement for the hip saggital

flexion and extension?

A

Flexion- lliopsoas

extension- gluteus maximus

52
Q

What is the movement for the hip frontal plane?

adduction and abdution

A

adduction- adductor braves, adductor longs and adductor Magnus
abucton- gluteus medium, and gluteus maximus

53
Q

What is the hip movement for transverse plane?

medial rotation and lateral rotation?

A

Medial- gluteus medium and gluteus minims

lateral- gluteus maximums

54
Q

what is the joint type for the knee?

A

Hinge joint,

femur and tibia

55
Q

What is th movement for the knee?

Flexion and extension

A

Saggital
Flexion- Bicep femurs, semitendinosus and semimebranosus (hamstring)
Extension- rectus femurs, vests laterals, vests intermedium and vests medals (quadriceps)

56
Q

What is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge joint

bones- tibia, fibula and talus

57
Q

What are the movement for ankle?

A

Saggital plane
Dorsi flexion- tibias anteior
plantar flexion- gastrocnemius and soles

58
Q

What is the skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle can only contract by an electrical impulse sent from the nervous. site,

59
Q

What are motor neurones?

A

Composed of cell body, dendrites and axon

60
Q

What are the motor unit?

A

Motor neurone and muscle fibres which relies on

an action potential nerve to conduct the nerve impulse as a wave down the axe to the end plates.

61
Q

What is the neuro muscular control?

A

Skeletal muscles contact in response to a stimulus from the brain to the muscles via motor neurones
Brain and spinal cord= central nervous system

62
Q

What are dendrites?

A

receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

63
Q

What are the stages of the electoral impulse (motor unit)

A

Nerve impulse is generated in the dendrites
Impulse travels down nerve/axon
Impulse travels down muscle fibres
Muscle fibres contract

64
Q

what are motor end plates?

A

Where the impulse meets the muscle fibre

65
Q

How many muscle fibres might be in a muscle?

A

100000? not just 1

100 motor units which each cell

66
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

Sent down by the cerebellum, sent down the neurone to the motor end plates (action potential travelled down to the motor end plates)

67
Q

What happens after the motor end plates into the synaptic cleft?

A

The gap makes the motor end plate create a neurotransmitter (a chemical to allow the action potential to pass from the end plate to the synaptic cleft)

68
Q

What is the aceltycholine?

A

A chemical which passes from the motor end plate to the synaptic cleft
If impulse is big enough with the help of the neuro transmitter muscle fibres will contract

69
Q

What must happen for a muscle to contaact>

A

Must be a big enough action potential from the cereblellum

Must have released enough neurotransmitter to jump the gap from the motor end plates to the synaptic cleft

70
Q

What is the all or none principle?

A

If you send a big enough impulse down motor unit 1 (red neurone) and release enough transmitter, all red fibres will contract.
If impulse is not big enough/ not related no impulse and nothing will contract

71
Q

How can we create a strong contraction?

A

Send down a lot of impulses/ large action potential and means all motor units, all motor fires will contract

72
Q

How can we create a weak contraction?

A

Impulses sent down fewer motor units maybe only 1/2 so fewer muscle fibres contract

Pe a level (134 decks)

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