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Year 1 > Overweight and obesity > Flashcards

Overweight and obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight/ (height in m) squared

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2
Q

What is a healthy weight?

A

A BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2

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3
Q

What is an unhealthy weight?

A

A BMI under 18.5kg/m2 or above 24.9m2

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4
Q

What is BMI?

A

An index for body weight

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5
Q

What is obese BMI?

A

Above 30kg/m2

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6
Q

What is overweight BMI?

A

25kg/m2 to 29.9kg/m2

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7
Q

What is underweight BMI?

A

Below 18.5kg/m2

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8
Q

What are the limitations of BMI?

A

Does not take into account muscle mass, fat distribution, age, pregnancy or sex.

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9
Q

What is obesity?

A

Having BMI over 30kg/m2. It is given classes where the higher the number is the worst. Obesity class 1, 2 and 3 are those that exist.

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10
Q

What are the diet guides in the UK?

A

Eat well guide and food pyramid.

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of obesity?

A

Higher in males than females of all age groups, in more deprived areas and in the north of England and in Scotland.

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12
Q

What is the concept of a best diet?

A

Variety of foods, rich in starch and fibre, with high number of fruit and veg and a moderate number of calories.

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13
Q

What is the Mediterranean diet?

A

High fruit and veg, whole grain, olive oil and high microntrients, fibre and unsaturated fat.

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14
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Cluster of health conditions. It is hypertension, insulin resistance and visceral obesity

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15
Q

What are the health risks of being overweight?

A

Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction. There is also a higer mortality.

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16
Q

What is the accumulation of fat in men?

A

Generally in an apple shape where most fat is stored in the abdomen. Increased risk of visceral/central obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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17
Q

How does the hypothalamus control food intake?

A

Ventral and arcuate medial nucleus respond to ghrelin, leptin, glucose .

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18
Q

What is the accumulation of fat in men?

A

Generally in an apple shape where most fat is stored in the abdomen. Increased risk of visceral/central obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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19
Q

What is the accumulation of fat in women?

A

Generally in a pear shape where fat is stored in the thighs. Lower risk of visceral/central obesity and metabolic syndrome.

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20
Q

What is the concerning waist circumference for men and women?

A

37 inches for men and 31.5 inches for women.

20
Q

What are adipokines?

A

Cytokine molecules produced by adipose tissue.

21
Q

What is high risk waist circumference for men and women?

A

40 inches and 34 inches

22
Q

What is visceral adipose tissue?

A

Subcutaneous fat below the skin surrounding the organs, generally stored in the mesentery or omentum. It is also known as central obesity and is promoted by dysregulation of cortisol. The visceral adipose tissue is drained by the hepatic portal vein into the liver and may cause liver inflammation and fibrosis.

23
Q

How does central obesity affect the body?

A

Increases hypertension, LDL, free fatty acids, fasting glucose release, plasma triglyceride levels, liver inflammaiton and fibrosis and risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Reduces levels of HDL.

24
Q

What is the importance of waist circumference?

A

Higher waist circumference is associated with increased diabetes and mortality.

25
Q

How is energy balance maintained?

A

Equal intake of output vs input.

26
Q

What is negative energy balance?

A

Lower energy input than output so there is a loss of body weight, carbs, fats and proteins.

27
Q

What is positive energy balance?

A

Higher energy input than output so there is a gain in body weight, carbs, fats and proteins.

28
Q

What are the hormones involved in appetite?

A

Leptin and ghrelin and peptide YY, glucagon and insulin.

29
Q

What is leptin?

A

Secreted by the endocrine organ of the adipose tissue to promote satiety following a meal. It acts on the hypothalamus to reduce the production of

30
Q

How are leptin levels related to obesity?

A

Deficient levels of leptin lead to obesity. However, leptin resistance may occur in obese patients.

31
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Produced predominately by the stomach and to a lesser extent the episorelin cells in the pancreas to increase appetite when there is a negative energy balance. It causes hunger and stimulates lipid storage.

32
Q

What are the effects of ghrelin?

A

Increases gluconoegogenesis, lipid storage, fatty acid synthesis, growth hormone release and decreases insulin. Increases cardiac output and decreases BP. It stimulates gastric motility and acid secretion.

33
Q

What is the effect of insulin?

A

Increases glucose uptake by GLUT4, increases glycogenesis and fatty acid synthesis and reduces appetite.

34
Q

How does insulin affect appetite?

A

Reduces appetite.

35
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

Adipokine released by adipose tissue whch regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown. It is released along with leptin after a meal to promote satiety.

36
Q

What is the endocrine control of positive energy balance?

A

High levels of ghrelin and low leptin and adiponectin. There is increase in anabolism and causes increased food intake and weight gain.

37
Q

What is the endocrine control of negative energy balance?

A

High levels of leptin and adiponectin and low ghrelin promote catabolism and reduce anabolism which causes reduced food intake and weight loss.

38
Q

How does low ghrelin affect metabolism?

A

Increase in catabolism and causes negative energy balance and weight loss.

39
Q

How does low leptin affect the body?

A

Increase in catabolism and causes positive energy balance and weight gain

40
Q

What is the metabolic defect in obese people?

A

Low levels of leptin

41
Q

What is the effect of cortisol?

A

Hypertension, heart disease, weakened immune system, nerve problems, digestive issues.

42
Q

How can food intake be measured?

A

Food diary, weighing food, nutritionist interview. We can use the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure of a subject in their normal environment using wearable tech.

43
Q

How can energy expenditure be measured?

A

Doubly labelled water method.

44
Q

What is the doubly-labelled water method?

A

Wearable tech of a wrist accelerometer to measure energy expenditure of a subject after giving water with uncommon isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen and measuring samples through saliva. We can measure indirect calorimetry through oxygen consumption and measure body heat output through direct calorimetry. It determines that energy intake rather than energy expenditure is the cause of weight gain.

45
Q

What experiemnt of the doubly-labelled water method can determine the cause of metabolism defects?

A

Difference between the turnover rates of hydrogen and oxygen in body water. This will indicate CO2 producton via respiration.

46
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Caused by severe insulin deficiency, and excess ketones are produced that leads to metabolic acidosis

47
Q

Signs/sympotms of ketoacidosis

A

Sweet breath, blurred vision, high BP, polyuria

Year 1 (191 decks)

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