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Year 1 > B8 W1 > Flashcards

B8 W1 Flashcards

1
Q

Women- aging effect on sexual response

A

Reduced vascular engorgement

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2
Q

NATSAL

A

National survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles

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3
Q

Excitement phase

A

Includes muscular contraction

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4
Q

Women in the excitement phase-

A

elevation of the cervix and uterus

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5
Q

Where are Cowper’s glands located?

A

On either side of the urethra and secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid

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6
Q

What happens to the uterus in the orgasmic platform?

A

It is fully elevated

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7
Q

Emission phase in men

A

Smooth muscle contracts in the ductus deferens, prostate, semilunar vesicles and ampulla and internal and external uretrha sphincters and semen pools in the urethral bulb

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8
Q

Ejaculation phase

A

Contraction of glands, ducts, urethral sphincter, filling of internal urethra causes pudendal nerve to contract genitals, ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus for expulsion of semen

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9
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Painful sexual intercourse

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10
Q

Which conditions can cause erectile dysfunction?

A

Diabetes, coronary artery disease, renal failure, arthritis and the treatment

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11
Q

FGM Type -EXCISION

A

Type 2

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12
Q

FGM Type- Infibulation

A

Type 3

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13
Q

Cloaca

A

Muscular cavity where digestive waste and urine leave the embryo

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14
Q

The kidneys present in embryo development

A

Pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros

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15
Q

Pronephros

A

First set of kidneys which regress after 4 weeks and are non functional

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16
Q

Mesonephros

A

Temporary and form urine, Become part of the urogenital system

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17
Q

Where does the bladder develop?

A

From urogenital region with opening to the allantosis.

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18
Q

Where does the ductus deferens come from embryologiclaly?

A

Wollfian duct

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19
Q

What gives rise to the epididymis?

A

Remaining Mesonephric collecting tubules after Wollfian duct disappears

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20
Q

Where does the ureter drain into the bladder?

A

Superior and posterior

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21
Q

What is the ejacultor duct?

A

Area where the ductus deferens enters the prostate gland and joins with the seminal vesicle that has an ampulla

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22
Q

Region where urethra crosses the pelvic floor?

A

Membranous

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23
Q

What is the majority of the spongy urethra lined with?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

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24
Q

Which part of the urethra is lined with stratified squamous epithelia?

A

End of urethra in glans penis

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25
Q

Gives rise to outer labia or scrotum?

A

Tubercle swelling

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26
Q

When does gonad development occur?

A

3.5-4.5 weeks

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27
Q

When do primordial germ cells undergo mitosis?

A

After colonising regions of the mesonephros

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28
Q

Undifferentiated cells where gonads form?

A

Genital ridge/bipotential primordia

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29
Q

What are the precursors of sertoli cells ?

A

Testis cords

30
Q

FGF9

A

Chemotactic factor which causes tubules from the mesonephric duct to penetrate the goandal ridge for testes development

31
Q

Are primary oocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

32
Q

Testes diploid cells

A

Spermatogonia- formed from primordial germ cells that become encased in sex cords and cease mitosis

33
Q

What does the Mullerian duct become?

A

Oviducts and uterus

34
Q

What maintains the Wollffian duct?

A

Androgens

35
Q

What causes Leydig cells to produce androgens?

A

FGF9 which maintains the Wollffian system

36
Q

Where is Anti-Mullerian hormone produced?

A

Pre-sertoli cells

37
Q

Chromosomes for congential adrenal hyperplasia

A

XX

38
Q

Why are Turner’s syndrome patients infertile?

A

No second X chromosome for germ cell development

39
Q

Pregnenolone

A

Precursor to sex steroid hormones

40
Q

Where do sex hormones develop in the cell?

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Fox ligand 2/ FoxL2

A

causes migration and condensation of epithelia for ovary formation around primordial germ cells?

42
Q

When are mitotic stages of development for women complete?

A

Before brith in foetus

43
Q

Oogensesis?

A

Maturation of oocytes with pre-antral phase, antral phase and pre-ovulatory phase

44
Q

When does miesosi begin in oogenesis?

A

Primary oocyte in ovarian cycle

45
Q

What forms after mitsosi stops and meiosis begins in females?

A

Primary oocyte- it is a diploid cell which is arrested in meiosis I

46
Q

When do the peak primordial germ cells form in females?

A

Week 20

47
Q

Epithelia of granulosa cells

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelia that secretes glycoproteins to form zona pellucida

48
Q

Surrounding connective tissue of oocyte?

A

Theca folliculi

49
Q

Pre-ovulatory stage of occte development?

A

Meisosi I is completed and LH surge.Unequal haploid cells form; the one with less cytpoplasm becomes first polar body. Second is the secondary oocyte that arrests in metaphase II. They both produce polar bodies

50
Q

Fimbriae

A

Projections at the end of fallopian tubes

51
Q

When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis II?

A

During fertilisation- it will then impant into the uterine wall

52
Q

Where does oocyte develop?

A

In follcile

53
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland and gonads that regulate menstruation

54
Q

How does moderatel levels of oestrogen affect HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback

55
Q

How do high oestrogen levels affect HPG axis?

A

Positive feedback

56
Q

How do both oestrogen and progesterone affect HPG axis?

A

Negative feedback

57
Q

What happens in follicular phase?

A

Beginning of menstrual cycle. Follicle develops independently. HPG produces FSH and LH for follicle growth. Negative feedback due to oestrogen levels increases means only one follicle survives.

58
Q

When are oestrogen levels high?

A

When there is LH surge, caused by positive feedback on HPG axis

59
Q

When is chorionic gonadotropin released?

A

When fertilisation occurs. It maintians the corpus luteum and supported by placental hCG to support pregnancy in luteal phase

60
Q

Cytoplasmic maturation

A

Mittochondria are relocated to periphery and cortical granules migrate to oocyte periphery

61
Q

What is the role of antimullerian hromone in menstruation?

A

Produced by granulosa cells to reglateand restrict follicular growth

62
Q

Which hormone regulates secondary sex characteristics in females?

A

Oestrogen

63
Q

Which phase of menstruation does the combined contraceptive mimic?

A

Luteal

64
Q

Role of LH in males

A

Leydig cell production

65
Q

FSH in males

A

Testicular growth and production of Sertoli cells

66
Q

Low levels of these hormones indicates delayed puberty

A

FSh and LH

67
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

68
Q

Tanner scale

A

Measures progression through puberty

69
Q

Why does weight gain occur?

A

High levels of oestrogen. Testosterone is aromatised into oestrogen which increases fat. Testosterone maintains muscle

70
Q

How does testosterone affect the body?

A

Increases intracellular Ca2+ and causes hypertension, weight increase, increases RBC count (polycythaemia) by inhibiting iron absoprtion

Year 1 (191 decks)

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